Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Involution of Simple and Complex Reaction Times Among People Aged Between 21 and 80 - The Results of Computer Tests

100%

Jaworski J. , Tchórzewski D. , Bujas P.

Human Movement

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2011

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tom 12

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nr 2

153-158

EN

Purpose. The aim of this case study is to define the involution of simple and complex reaction times in groups of adult men and women. Basic procedure. The tests were carried out during the years 2007-2008 among 128 men and 136 women aged between 21 and 80. Those examined were divided into three groups according to their calendar age. In order to define the meaning of differences of the analyzed reaction time between the results of the three age groups, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method for independent attempts was used. Additionally, normalized differences between the groups as well as indices of sexual dimorphism were defined. Main findings. Among both men and women, gradual deterioration of reaction time performance with age can be observed. The scale of normalized differences shows that the most distinct differences are noticed between the first and the third group. They amount up to 1.3 of the standard deviation in men and up to 1.7 in women. Conclusions. The results derived from the following study confirm a long period of relative stabilization for all simple and complex reaction times among both genders. Significant involution of reaction times can be observed for all analyzed features only after the age of 55. Indices of sexual dimorphism indicate that men gain better results in all age groups. Indices of sexual dimorphism diminish with age.

2

The porotaxy in Protura - a preliminary report

100%

Szeptycki A.

Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne

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1995

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tom 64

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nr 1-4

3

The relationship between facial morphology, body measurements and socio-economic factors

88%

Jandová M. , Urbanová P.

Anthropological Review

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2016

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tom 79

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nr 2

181-200

EN

Background and aim: The effect of socio-economic factors (living conditions) and parental smoking habits on development of facial morphology and body measurements was studied on a longitudinal Czech sample of 25 girls and 25 boys. Subjects and methods: A set of studied digitalized photographs taken from 0.5 to 18 years in intervals of 6 months originated in the Brno Longitudinal Study. Facial shape changes of sub-adult participants were described using a configuration of 27 landmarks and further studied by using methods of geometric morphometric and multivariate statistics. In order to localize growth-related shape changes within the face, the studied region was divided into upper, middle and lower facial units and analyzed separately. Results and conclusion: The results show that in the course of ontogenesis there is a strong correlation between facial shape change and body measurements, height included (r=0.10 and r=0.24 in boys and in girls, respectively). The pubertal spurt of the facial shape change rate was revealed at 10.5 years in girls and at 11.5 years in boys. The earlier onset of the pubertal rate increase in facial shape changes in boys was associated with records of poor living conditions. In addition, the mother’s smoking habits were linked to a noticeable facial shape change.

4

Taxonomic interpretation and sexual dimorphism in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) ammonite Valanginites nucleus (ROEMER, 1841)

88%

Ploch I.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2003

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tom Vol. 53, nr 3

201-208

EN

Sexual dimorphism in the Valanginian ammonite Valanginites nucleus (ROEMER, 1841), is recognised in the material from Wąwał, Central Poland. Two sexes, differing in size and number of ribs are distinguished. Intraspecific ornament variation is linked to sexual dimorphism. Three morphotypes (nucleus, wilfridi and ventrotuberculatum) occur along with forms intermediate between these morphotypes. In all the morphotypes two sexes were found. Valanginites bachelardi is interpreted as the microconch of the nucleus morphotype.

5

A comparative analysis of two allochthonous populations of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards, 1853) from the Szczecin Lagoon (NW Poland) and San Francisco Bay (US west coast)

88%

Czerniejewski P. , Wawrzyniak W. , Pasewicz W. , Bełdowska A.

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tom No. 49 (3)

353-367

EN

Selected biological and morphometric characters of two populations of the non-indigenous Chinese mitten crab, one from the Szczecin Lagoon (SL) and the other from San Francisco Bay (SFB), both sampled in autumn, were analysed. The SL crabs showed a significantly higher individual weight, length and carapace width. Males accounted for 55% (87 individuals) of the 179 SL crabs, and 62.9% (90 individuals) of the SFB crabs. Statistical analysis of metric characters, expressed as a percentage of carapace width (X2), enabled four diagnostic characters to be identified: abdomen width (X11), carapace height (X3), left claw length (X7) and carapace length (X1). These jointly explain 71.75% of the differences between the SL and SFB crabs and are indicative of the distinctness of the populations.

6

Sexual dimorphism in life history plasticity in the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar L.]

88%

Lazarevic J. , Peric-Mataruga V.

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tom 51

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nr 3-4

7

Metric characteristics and sexual dimorphism of the postcranial skeleton of wild cat Felis silvestris in Bulgaria

88%

Petrov I.

Acta Theriologica

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1992

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tom 37

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nr 4

EN

The measurements of scapula, pelvis, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, femur, and the first three vertebrae of the adult wild cat Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 from Bulgaria were used in this study. Considerable differences between the sexes were revealed at three levels of significance in most of the sizes of scapula, pelvis, and vertebrae. The males were bigger than the females. No significant differences were found in the limb bones, except in the length of the humerus. Widening of the female pelvis was not observed. The variability of the skeletal parts examined was found to be comparatively low for most of them.

8

Sexual selection in the Swallow Hirundo rustica - A review

75%

Bańbura J. , University of Łódź D. o. E. Z. a. E. B.

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EN

Darwinian theory of sexual selection and its development up to the present state of knowledge are sketched. The most important results of empirical studies on sexual selection in the Swallow Hirundo rustica are reviewed. The Swallow is a socially monogamous, slightly sexually dimorphic avian species. Long tail streamers are considered as sexual ornaments of males. Female preference for long and symmetric male tails has been inferred on both observational and experimental grounds. Experimental elongation of the tail causes short-term benefits and long-term costs in male reproductive performance. Behavioural consequences of sexual selection acting in the Swallow are discussed. An aerodynamic role of male tail streamers is also considered.

9

Body size variation of European Storm Petrels Hydrobates pelagicus in relation to environmental variables

75%

Jakubas D. , Wojczulanis-Jakubas K. , Jensen J.-K.

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2014

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tom 49

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nr 1

EN

Body size differentiation may have developed in response to environmental gradients. A pattern of large individuals prevailing in colder areas is often observed and is explained by the heat conservation hypothesis (Bergmann's rule). To understand patterns driving body size variation in a pelagic seabird, the European Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus, we examined the relationship between wing length, body mass and environmental variables in breeding areas (sea surface temperature, air temperature and wind speed). As this species has been divided into two subspecies: Mediterranean H. p. melitensis and Atlantic H. p. pelagicus, we performed the analyses at different scales (species, Atlantic subspecies and regional North Atlantic). At the species and subspecies scales, there was a longitudinal increase in wing length from west to east. At the subspecies and regional scale, we found a latitudinal increase in this variable from south to north. This result and the significant increase of wing length with decreasing sea surface and air temperatures are concordant with Bergmann's rule. In addition, body mass at the species and subspecies scales decreased with increasing wind speed, what may have a functional implication (small body mass may increase manoeuvrability over waves in conditions of stronger wind). Both genetic (two subspecies differing in body size) and environmental factors seem to be important forces driving intercolony variation in body size. Our study on sexual size dimorphism (SSD) revealed that in 156 molecularly sexed adults from the Faeroes, wing and tail length, and body mass exhibited female-biased SSD, while head-bill length showed male-biased SSD. The best discriminant function for sexing based on body measurements correctly classified 75% of individuals. Considering low correctness of proposed functions and geographical variation of body size, use of alternative methods (e.g. molecular tools) is recommended for sex discrimination in the European Storm Petrel.

PL

Zmienność wielkości ciała może wyewoluować w odpowiedzi na gradienty zmiennych środowiskowych. Często obserwuje się, że większe osobniki występują na zimniejszych obszarach, co jest tłumaczone regułą zachowania ciepła (reguła Bergmanna). Aby rozpoznać czynniki wpływające na zmienność wielkości ciała u pelagicznego ptaka morskiego, nawałnika burzowego, zbadaliśmy zależność między długością skrzydła i masą ciała a zmiennymi środowiskowymi (temperatura powierzchni morza, temperatura powietrza, prędkość wiatru) na najważniejszych lęgowiskach (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Apendyks 1, 2). Ponieważ u badanego gatunku wyróżnia się dwa podgatunki (śródziemnomorski H. p. melitensis i atlantycki H. p. pelagicus), przeprowadziliśmy analizy na różnych poziomach (gatunku, podgatunku atlantyckiego oraz regionalnym, północnoatlantyckim). W skali gatunku i podgatunku wykazaliśmy wzrost długości skrzydła w gradiencie długości geograficznej — z zachodu na wschód (Tab. 2, Fig. 3). W skali podgatunku oraz regionalnej stwierdziliśmy wzrost wartości tej zmiennej wraz z szerokością geograficzną — z południa na północ (Tab. 2, Fig. 4). Ten wynik oraz istotny wzrost długości skrzydła wraz z malejąca temperaturą powierzchni morza oraz temperaturą powietrza (Tab. 2, Fig. 5) są zgodne z regułą Bergmanna. Również udało się ustalić, że w skali gatunku i podgatunku masa ciała spada wraz ze wzrostem siły wiatru (Tab. 2), co może mieć znaczenie funkcjonalne — mniejsza masa ciała może zwiększać manewrowość ponad falami w warunkach silniejszego wiatru. Badania dotyczące dymorfizmu płciowego wykazały, że u 156 dorosłych osobników o molekularnie oznaczonej płci schwytanych na Wyspach Owczych, długość skrzydła i ogona oraz masa ciała charakteryzowały się dymorfizmem płciowym z większymi wymiarami u samic, a w przypadku długości głowy z dziobem — z większymi wartościami u samców (Tab. 3, Fig. 6). Najskuteczniejsza funkcja dyskryminacyjna do oznaczania płci prawidłowo sklasyfikowała 75% osobników. Biorąc pod uwagę niewielką sprawność zaproponowanej funkcji, zastrzeżenia do funkcji zaproponowanych przez innych autorów (Tab. 4) jak i zmienność geograficzną rozmiarów ciała, do oznaczania płci u nawałnika burzowego zaleca się stosowanie alternatywnych metod (np. molekularnych).

10

Morphology of the first instar of Parlatoria ziziphi (LUCAS) (Hemiptera: Coccinea: Diaspididae)

75%

Podsiadlo E. , Bugila A. A. A.

Polish Journal of Entomology

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2007

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tom 76

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nr 4

EN

The first instar of Parlatoria ziziphi (LUCAS) is described and illustrated. It has 5- segmented antennae, 1 trilocular disc pore associated with anterior spiracle, 2nd and 3rd lobes welldeveloped, broad and fringed plates present in interlobular spaces and anterior to lobe 3. It is distinguished by the lack of dorsal submedian setae on abdominal segments 4-7, and by the presence of ventral submedian setae on meso- and metathorax, and on abdominal segments 2-7. Sexual dimorphism in the first instar is exhibited through two characteristics: a campaniform sensillum present at the bases of the tarsi in male nymph, but absent in female nymph, and a pair of dorsal submedian setae on the 1st abdominal segment present in male nymph, but absent in female nymph.

11

Geographical differences in size, reproduction and behaviour of bank voles in relation to density variations

75%

Yoccoz N. , Hansson L. , Ims R.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2000

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tom Vol. 48, Suppl.

63-72

EN

The bank vole in Europe is hardly genetically differentiated, except in northern Fennoscandia, but shows large phenotypic variation. Body weight has been studied in the field and in the laboratory. Large bank voles are known in northern cyclic populations found on islands and in alpine areas. Reproductive patterns show that the length of the breeding season and the maturation processes may be more influenced by the fluctuation patterns than the length of the vegetative period. Behavioural differences are also known to occur between individuals from northern cyclic populations and individuals from southern stable populations. The relative importance of density fluctuations patterns and environmental harshness in causing geographical variation patterns is not known.

12

Morphometric study of wing venation in the recent Trichoceridae - an application to the fossils ?

75%

Krzeminska E.

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tom 35

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nr 1

13

Craniometrical sex determination of wild cat Felis silvestris in Bulgaria

75%

Petrov I. , Nikolov H. , Gerasimov S.

Acta Theriologica

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1992

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tom 37

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nr 4

EN

Analyses were made of 118 skull measurements of adult wild cats Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 from Bulgaria, taken on 24 males, 20 females, and 10 animals whose sex was not known in advance. Group (cluster) analysis of cases, factor analysis, and stepvise discriminant analysis were adapted. The cluster analysis of cases indicated a high level of sex mixture (up to 40%), which suggested the importance of the outliers in the data. Six keys to sexual dimorphism, of very high statistical significance were produced, through the stepvise discriminant analysis. They included from 9 down to 1 variables each, which provided from 100% down to 93.8% of correct sex classification of wild cat skulls.

14

Morphology of the second instar larva of Quadraspidiotus zonatus [Hemiptera: Coccinea: Diaspididae]

75%

Podsiadlo E.

Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne

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2000

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tom 69

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nr 4

15

Differences between properties of male and female motor units in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle

75%

Celichowski J. , Drzymala H.

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nr 1

EN

Differences between motor units in hindlimb locomotor muscles of male and female Wistar rats were studied. The contractile and action potential properties of various types of motor units as well as proportions of these units in the medial gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed. Experiments were based on functional isolation and electrical stimulation of axons of single motor units. Composition of motor units was different for male and female subjects, with higher number of the fast fatigable and lower number of slow type units in male animals. The contraction and the half-relaxation times were significantly longer in male motor units, what might be due to differences in muscle size. Slower contraction of male motor units likely corresponds to lower firing rates of their motoneurons. On the other hand, no significant differences between sexes were observed with respect to force parameters of motor units (the twitch and the maximum tetanus forces), except the fast resistant units (higher force values in male muscles). The mass of the muscle was approximately 1.5 time bigger in male rats. However, the mean ratio of motor unit tetanus force to the muscle mass was almost twice smaller in this group, what indirectly suggests that muscles of male rats are composed of higher number of motor units. Finally, female muscles appeared to have higher fatigue resistance as the effect of higher proportion of resistant units (slow and fast resistant) and higher values of the fatigue index in respective motor unit types. The motor unit action potentials in female rats had slightly lower amplitudes and shorter time parameters although this difference was significant only for fast resistant units.

16

Redescription of Aulonothroscus laticollis [Rybinski, 1897] [Coleoptera: Throscidae]

75%

Burakowski B.

Annales Zoologici

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2000

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tom 50

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nr 1

EN

Aulonothroscus laticollis (Rybiński, 1897) is redescribed and illustrated based on newly collected material in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. Its female is described for the first time.

17

A new species of Rhopalobates Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Burma and Bhutan

63%

Schawaller W.

Annales Zoologici

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2009

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tom 59

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nr 3

EN

A new species of the tenebrionid genus Rhopalobates Fairmaire, 1897 (tribe Cnodalonini Gistel, 1856, subfamily Stenochiinae Kirby, 1837) is described from Burma and Bhutan. Until now only the type species R. villardi Fairmaire, 1897 was known, distributed over a wider area in the eastern Himalayas (Sikkim), southern China (Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong) and in Indochina. Both species display a distinct sexual dimorphism.

18

Generation of membrane-bound catechol-O-methyl transferase deficient mice with distinct sex dependent behavioral phenotype

63%

Tammimaki A. , Aonurm-Helm A. , Zhang F. P. , Poutanen M. , Duran-Torres G. , Garcia-Horsman A. , Mannisto P. T.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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2016

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tom 67

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nr 6

19

Differences in troglomorphism and sexual dimorphism in two sympatric subtroglophile crickets of genus Troglophilus (Insecta: Orthoptera)

63%

Jugovic J. , Sumer N.

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2021

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tom 69

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nr 1

20

Effects of site conditions on sexual dimorphism and sex ratio in lowland populations of Aruncus sylvestris Kostel. (Rosaceae)

63%

Marciniuk J. , Marciniuk P. , Rymuza K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 2

EN

Studies on sexual dimorphism in reference to vegetative features and on the sex ratio in different environmental conditions were carried out in lowland populations of dioecious species Aruncus sylvestris. It was shown that female individuals of Aruncus sylvestris produced higher flowering shoots, longer inflorescences, more leaves and longer and broader leaves than the male ones. All listed differences were statistically significant. In populations of Aruncus sylvestris growing in optimum ecological conditions (fertile and wet soil, half-light) the sex ratio M/F is close to 1:1. Changes of ecological conditions along the gradient of fertility, habitat moisture (estimated by the types of phytocoenoses) and intensity of solar radiation caused marked drift of sex structure towards the male domination. Light intensity was the crucial factor for the sex ratio in studied populations. Populations growing in half-light showed sex ratio M/F ≈ 1:1 irrespective of habitat. Those growing in shade and in full light showed significant shift to male dominance. The largest deviation from 1:1 sex ratio (M/F ≈ 1.0:0.2) was observed in extremely unfavorable habitat conditions (full sun irradiance, dry soil, strong competition from Elymus repens (L.) Gould). Obtained results demonstrated that female individuals of Aruncus sylvestris had markedly higher habitat requirements compared with the male ones.