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Content available remote The African contribution to the penalization of war crimes of sexual nature
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EN
Rape and other forms of sexual violence have been inseparably linked with the ongoing military conflicts. Despite the condemnation of war rape in modern times, its penalization arrived extraordinarily slowly. The last twenty years brought about a huge progress in the approach to the penalization of international crimes of sexual nature, which was developed in a hitherto unprecedented range in the jurisprudence of the international criminal tribunals, especially in Africa. The aim of this article is to present the cases of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) which had a significant influence on the penalization of war crimes of sexual nature in the Statute of the International Criminal Court and two trials of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), concerning the penalization of forced marriage. It shows how the African juridical traditions contributed to the problem of the penalization of sexual war crimes.
EN
This study attempts to assess the social and legal risks associated with the use of chloroform for purposes outside the medical industry and beyond. For this purpose, there have been complied the facts of the inhaled intoxicating substances from various fields of life and various kinds of criminal cases in this piece of work. It also includes some of the issues that pose problems to investigators and forensic specialists. The author also tries to draw attention to the rarely addressed questions of the role of the Internet and emerging on the Web cyberculture in the promotion and dissemination of data on chloroform thus creating visions incompatible with the notion of truth of usuage of the substance. Finally, the problem of the availability of chloroform has been taken up and the role of the Internet in this case.
EN
This paper discusses notions of physical violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault and the ways in which these were socially and legally perceived in early modern Europe. Special attention will be paid to a number of Shakespearean plays, such as Titus Andronicus and Edward III, but also to the narrative poem The Rape of Lucrece (whose motifs were later adopted in Cymbeline), where the consumption of the female body as a work of art is combined with verbal and physical abuse.
EN
Teddy Wayne’s 2016 Loner tells the story of a Harvard freshman’s sexual obsession with a fellow student, leading to stalking and attempted rape. On a deeper level, the campus novel can be interpreted as a critique of wider processes taking place in American academia and generally in the US: the mainstreaming of the so-called “woke” movement and the growing impact of “political correctness.” The novel also reflects on class inequality, privilege, gender politics, the ongoing crisis of white (heterosexual) masculinity, toxic masculinity, and online “incel culture.” The present paper will analyze the problematic “dialogic, but monologic” nature of the book’s unreliable narrative addressing the above problems. The paper’s goal will be to read Loner in light of the #MeToo movement as an illustration of the current stage of the now decades-long reckoning with rape culture, and with patriarchy.
EN
The author of this article explores the question, what is human trafficking. In order to answer this question, definitions of human trafficking are examined, as well as the causes, types of trafficking, recruitment strategies, and the significant problems in conquering human trafficking internationally. Trafficking in human beings affects all regions and most countries of the world. According to official data, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a transit country, but certain reports indicate that it is becoming a country of origin and destination. In order to exemplify the issue of human trafficking on the concrete case study, there is further exploration of how the law of Bosnia and Herzegovina defines it, and how approachs to this problem. Taking into account the increase of human trafficking in the world, especially among countries in transition, it is extremely important to find effective solutions for the prevention of such cross-border criminal activity.
PL
Autor niniejszego artykułu zgłębia pytanie, czym jest handel ludźmi. Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, analizuje definicje handlu ludźmi, a także przyczyny i odmiany tego zjawiska, strategie „rekrutacji“ ofiar oraz istotne problemy w zwalczaniu handlu ludźmi na arenie międzynarodowej. Handel ludźmi dotyczy wszystkich regionów i większości krajów świata. Według oficjalnych danych, Bośnia i Hercegowina jest krajem tranzytowym, ale niektóre raporty wskazują, że coraz częściej staje się też krajem pochodzenia i przeznaczenia. W celu zilustrowania problemu handlu ludźmi na przykładzie konkretnego studium przypadku, przeprowadzono badanie dotyczące tego, w jaki sposób prawo Bośni i Hercegowiny definiuje to przestępstwo i w jaki sposób podchodzi do zwalczania tego problemu. Biorąc pod uwagę wzrost handlu ludźmi na świecie, zwłaszcza wśród krajów znajdujących się w okresie przejściowym, niezwykle ważne jest znalezienie skutecznych rozwiązań w zakresie zapobiegania transgranicznej działalności przestępczej tego typu.
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