Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Critical Phenomena : Towards Modeling with Cellular Automata

100%

Wiśniewski A.

Studia Informatica : systems and information technology

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2007

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tom Vol. 2(9)

69--76

EN

The paper presents basic description methods of critical phenomena, i.e. first-order, continuous phase transitions, and an overview of the self-organized criticality concept. In this approach an attempt is made to identify the determinant factors of modeling critical events using cellular automata.

2

Symmetropy of earthquake patterns: asymmetry and rotation in a disordered seismic source

88%

Nanjo K. , Nagahama H. , Yodogawa E.

Acta Geophysica

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2006

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tom Vol. 54, no. 1

3-14

EN

We demonstrate that the idea of symmetropy can be used for quantification of earthquake patterns. The symmetropy can be considered as a measure of asymmetry. A pattern is richer in asymmetry when the symmetropy is smaller. The specific results of its applications are obtained as follows. In a discrete model of a seismic source with self-organized criticality, the spatial patterns of earthquakes during critical states and subcritical states are distinguished by the behaviour of the symmetropy: subcritical patterns show that the symmetropy is approximately a constant but this has various values during critical states. The critical patterns show asymmetric property without any asymmetric force from the outside and without asymmetric intracellular rule. We show that the emergence of asymmetric patterns is a generic feature of dynamic ruptures in our model. Such a generic asymmetry results from the model which is an inherently discrete system consisting of finite -sized cells. These cells may represent geometrical disordered fault zones. We further discuss rotational motions that generate seismic rotational waves. In micro-morphic continuum theory, such rotations are attributed to dynamic ruptures in dis-ordered systems. We note that the concept of disorder in this theory is expressed by a set of finite-sized microstructures and is consistent with the concept of disorder modelled in the present study. Thus, we suggest that the spatially asymmetric patterns of earthquakes might be related to the rotational motions, because both come from dynamic limit.

3

Computational Complexity of Avalanches in the Kadanoff Sandpile Model

75%

Formenti E. , Goles E. , Martin B.

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tom Vol. 115, nr 1

107-124

EN

This paper investigates the avalanche problem AP for the Kadanoff sandpile model (KSPM). We prove that (a slight restriction of) AP is in NC1 in dimension one, leaving the general case open. Moreover, we prove that AP is P-complete in dimension two. The proof of this latter result is based on a reduction from the monotone circuit value problem by building logic gates and wires which work with an initial sand distribution in KSPM. These results are also related to the known prediction problem for sandpiles which is in NC1 for one-dimensional sandpiles and P-complete for dimension 3 or higher. The computational complexity of the prediction problem remains open for the Bak’s model of two-dimensional sandpiles.

4

Amerykańsko-chińska rywalizacja o strategiczną dominację w obszarze sztucznej inteligencji a nowa geopolityka AI

51%

Grochmalski P.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2020

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tom Nr 2

45--74

PL

W artykule wskazano, że obecnie strategiczna rywalizacja Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi o zdobycie lub utrzymanie globalnego przywództwa jest bliska osiągnięcia punktu bifurkacji. Szczególnej dynamiki proces ten nabierze w obszarze sztucznej inteligencji (Artificial Inteligence - AI) Oba państwa uznają, że jest on kluczowy dla uzyskania strategicznej dominacji nad rywalem. Prowadzi to do przyspieszonego rozwoju technologii AI oraz jej coraz większego wpływu na procesy gospodarcze, polityczne i społeczne. Dodatkowo silnym katalizatorem tego procesu stała się pandemia koronawirusa. USA i ChRL zdominowały rywalizację o technologiczne wykorzystanie potencjału AI. Ich konfrontacja na tym polu wchodzi w fazę krytycznego punktu systemu międzynarodowego i skutkuje dużą presją na wyścig w rozwoju militarnych technologii AI, a także tworzeniem się nowej geopolityki, opartej na skutecznym wykorzystywaniu do rywalizacji zdanetyzowanej przestrzeni oraz technologicznej infrastruktury. Może to doprowadzić do nagłego przekroczenia punktu bifurkacji - powstania globalnego zagrożenia w wyniku wprowadzenia do struktur bezpieczeństwa technologii AI, które nie zostały sprawdzone w warunkach krytycznych. Może także dojść do gwałtownego załamania stabilności systemów i przejścia do samoorganizacji stanu krytycznego świata.

EN

The author shows that the current strategic rivalry between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the USA, aimed at achieving or maintaining global leadership, is approaching a bifurcation point. The process is going to become especially dynamic in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Both states consider it crucial in the race to obtain strategic dominance over the adversary, which, in turn, accelerates the development of AI technology and increases its influence on economic, political and social processes. The coronavirus pandemic acted as an important catalyst in the process and made it even more dynamic. The USA and the PRC have now dominated the rivalry for the use of artificial intelligence in technology. Their confrontation in this area is now entering the phase of a critical point of imbalance of the international system and puts growing pressure on the race to develop military AI technologies. Another consequence is the emergence of new geopolitics based on the effective use of dataficated space and technological infrastructure in the rivalry. This might lead to reaching a point of bifurcation and, consequently, cause a global risk brought about by introducing into security structures AI technology which has not been tested in critical conditions. This can cause a sudden breakdown in the stability of systems and a transition into a self-organized criticality of the world.