From a large group of Polish postmemory literary texts, the author distinguishes a group that is considered to be significant and separate: Rodzinna historia lęku by Agata Tuszyńska, Utwór o Matce i Ojczyźnie by Bożena Keff, Włoskie szpilki by Magdalena Tulli oraz Frascati by Ewa Kuryluk. All these works were written by women. There are stories about complicated, often difficult and painful relations between mothers and daughters. It is important that these mothers are Polish Jewesses and Holocaust survivors. Their daughters represent the “second generation”. Fathers are absent in the lives of their daughters for many reasons (divorce, death, journey). This absence enables dialogue between the mother and her adult child, which helps shape the identity of the daughter and create the story about the Holocaust experience – the most important caesura and trauma in the mother’s life.
2
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This paper focuses on the identity construction of second-generation Muslims in the Czech Republic. This generation consists mainly of young Muslims who are the descendants of migrants who came to Czechoslovakia in the 1970s and 1990s as part of student and labour migration. Their socialization took place in the context of their Muslim family, but they were primarily socialized in the Czech environment. Thus, second-generation Muslims move between several cultural frameworks, transnational fields located in the space in-between. They negotiate their identity situationally and must cope with their parents' country of origin, ethnicity and national identity. Through these interviews of second-generation Muslims, I would like to show how these young people with a migratory experience treat ethnicity when reporting on their otherness and what strategies they apply when negotiating key social identities. I created this data based on semi-structured interviews.
The article deals with the belonging of the second generation of Muslims to the Czech space. These young people were born in the Czech Republic, they were socialized here, they have Czech citizenship, but the hegemonic discourse of Czech nationality is so specific that they do not always fit into its image. Their parents came to Czechoslovakia, and later to the Czech Republic in the 1970s and 1990s, mostly for study and work reasons from the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa or the (post-)Soviet region. For this reason, the repertoire of their identity politics is also multi-layered and diverse. I ask, then, how they negotiate their identity in relation to Czechness and what practices they use to fulfill it in light of their parents' migration background. I developed the data based on semi-structured interviews.
Despite representing the second-largest immigrant group in Germany, Polish immigrants and their descendants are understudied and have often been described as ‘invisible’ as they have a reputation of ‘becoming German’ quickly and unproblematically. Challenging this notion and considering the prevalence of anti-Eastern European racism in the German context, this study analyses interviews with 22 highly educated Germans of Polish descent, focusing on how interviewees talked about being German and/or Polish and their experiences of stigmatisation and discrimination, in both their childhood and teenage years and as adults. In so doing, the study contributes to the literature on how the ethnic and national identities of white descendants of immigrants are related to experiences of exclusion. Specifically, some interviewees (Type 1) said that they felt only German (and not Polish) and denied experiencing stigmatisation or discrimination in their present lives. Other interviewees (Type 2) embraced a symbolic Polish ethnicity while framing exclusionary experiences as a thing of the past. Type 3 interviewees reported a process of re-ethnicisation, arguably enabled by the absence of exclusionary experiences in their present lives. Finally, there were interviewees (Type 4) who reported embracing their Polish identity, which led to experiences of stigmatisation in certain contexts.
Na podstawie utworów autorek drugiego pokolenia SUSANNE FRITZ i MONIKI SZNAJDERMAN przedstawiono, w jaki sposób można wyjaśniać historię, relacje familijne i częściowo traumatyczne spuścizny rodzinne. W obu postpamięciowych tekstach chodzi o wypełnienie luk, o to, co pozostało niedopowiedziane. Szczególnie uwidacznia się przy tym fenomen silnie refleksyjnych poszukiwań, które są jednocześnie autorefleksyjne i sięgają do wielu różnych dokumentów oraz literackich „świadectw”.
EN
The post-remembering modes of narration are motivated by a need to fill gaps and to explain that which has remained untold. The works by SUSANNE FRITZ and MONIKA SZNAJDERMAN pursue the approach of the individual pursuit of history – uncovering history, family relations and partially traumatic legacies for oneself. The phenomenon of the highly reflective search visible in the form of the narrative – often self-reflexive and containing references to other literary “witnesses” – stands out in these two examples of second-generation literature.
DE
Bei den hier untersuchten nacherinnernden Schreibweisen geht es jeweils darum, Lücken, unerzählt Gebliebenes zu füllen. Anhand genannter Werke von SUSANNE FRITZ und MONIKA SZNAJDERMAN wird dem Ansatz nachgegangen, für sich selbst Geschichte, Familienrelationen sowie zum Teil traumatische Hinterlassenschaften zu klären. Das Phänomen der hochreflektierten Suche – selbstreflexiv und unter Rückgriff auf vielerlei Quellen und andere literarische ‚Zeugnisse‘ – sticht bei diesen beiden Beispielen der Literatur der zweiten Generation insbesondere hervor.
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