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1
Spacecraft manufacturing implications for volume production satellites
100%
Wade D. , Weich C.
Research Bulletin / Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics
|
1999
|
tom nr 9
171-178
EN
To date, practically all spacecraft development programmes have followed a trend of ever increasing size, complexity, mass and cost. Today's missions may typically result in a spacecraft which has a mass at launch of the order of 10000 kg and a cost of around $150 million. Over the past ten years the emergence of the 'small satellite', with a mass of less than 1000 kg, has in part, reversed this trend, albeit whilst in many cases, employing the same design and manufacturing approach used for their conventional counterparts. Both conventional and small satellites have design and manufacture implications resulting from the conflicting low production quantities and high reliability requirements. Even series satellites tend to undergo significant redesign work for particular mission requirements resulting in the retention of high costs. Attempts to lower costs to date have centred on the use of modularity and 'off-the-shelf designs, which have had some success, particularly in the arena of small satellites. Proposals for new spacecraft applications, such as global mobile communications, require the use of satellite constellations. The size of a constellation is dependant upon its application, however present concepts range from 20 to 850 satellites . Many of these proposals suggest the use of existing spacecraft development methods. However, other methods, not currently associated with spacecraft design, may lead to significant cost reductions, whilst maintaining a sufficiently high level of reliability and redundancy. Two programmes which have already tried to adopt some of these methods are Iridium2 and Globalstar2, which will borrow ideas from the automobile industry in the manufacture of the 72 and 56 satellites (including in-orbit spares) required for the respective constellations. This paper will outline some of these new methods, describing factors which will be of primary importance in the future development of constellation satellites if an entirely new low cost approach is to be developed. These include the impact and importance that computer aided engineering will have across the manufacturing activities, embracing design, production, simulation and test. as well as integration and testing procedures, component classification and even configuration control.
2
Content available remote Self-phase modulation of temporary overlapped chirped pulses.
100%
Vankov A. , Badziak J.
Optica Applicata
|
2000
|
tom Vol. 30, nr 2-3
431-442
EN
A self-phase modulation at amplification of temporary overlapped chirped, pulses is investigated. The analytical and numerical calculations are used to predict the effects of prepulse intensity increasing and additional satellites arising after recompression as well as the effects of spectrum broadening and shape distortion of the pulses. The experimental results are presented that agree well with the calculations.
3
Content available Introducing Satellite Remote Sensing to the Curriculum at Maritime University
88%
Borys A. , Emery W. J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni
|
2017
|
tom nr 101
7--21
EN
This paper describes a plan and a procedure to introduce a course on satellite remote sensing to the curriculum of the engineering faculties of Gdynia Maritime University in Gdynia, Poland. This topic is not presently taught at the university and with the move of the Polish Space Agency to Gdańsk, nearby Gdynia, it would be useful to have remote sensing as a topic in the university curriculum for different degree programs. This plan began with the Fulbright Foundation that funded a 5-week visit of a U.S. remote sensing specialist to give orientation lectures to the faculty and students at the university. From this visit a plan was developed on how to present specific topics in remote sensing while the faculty determined how the subject should be introduced into different fields of study.
PL
Polskiej Agencji Kosmicznej w Gdańsku wydaje się, że korzystne byłoby wprowadzenie do oferty dydaktycznej Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni również tematyki telemetrii satelitarnej – na różnych kierunkach i rodzajach studiów (w mniejszym lub większym zakresie). Prace nad przedstawioną tutaj propozycją zaczęły się od wizyty w Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni stypendysty Fundacji im. Fulbrighta z USA, wybitnego specjalisty w zakresie telemetrii satelitarnej. W czasie pięciotygodniowego pobytu w Gdyni wygłosił on szereg wykładów z powyższej tematyki. W tym czasie powstały także zręby omawianej tutaj propozycji, które później zostały uszczegółowione i dopracowane.
4
Content available remote An optimized TRIAD algorithm for attitude determination
88%
Zhu X. , Ma M. , Cheng D. , Zhou Z.
Artificial Satellites : Journal of Planetary Geodesy
|
2017
|
tom Vol. 52, No. 3
41--47
EN
The classic TRIAD was used to obtain the attitude of air vehicles. However, the accuracy was dominated by the sensor noise and the calculation order. To improve that in this paper, a new method based on weighting the vectors summation and difference was proposed. Then both simulation and experiment verified the advantages of the optimized algorithm.
5
Content available Integrated Space Situational Awareness Systems: SDA and SSA – Advantages and Limitations
88%
Polkowska M.
Polish Political Science Yearbook
|
2021
|
nr 2 (50)
133-148
EN
SDA (Space Domain Awareness) and SSA (Space Situational Awareness – SSA) have been defined as comprehensive knowledge of space objects and the ability to track, understand, and predict their future location. The purpose of the article is to present SSA initiatives to protect space systems, which are now recognized as fundamental assets of the sustainable development of each country. The destruction of even a part of the space infrastructure can have severe consequences for the security of citizens and economic activity. These systems assume the combination of all data obtained by various entities operating in space and Earth to create a common database. The SSA system was created based on the US military programme SDA (Space Domain Awareness); SSA and SDA are almost similar, but SDA is a new term replacing SSA, which existed previously. SDA is a better and improved SSA. Increasingly, the SSA programme is part of national and EU space strategies, but it is not yet possible to include it in international space law.
6
Content available remote Experimental studies of sublimation of highly volatile ices in relevance to the ices of the solar system
88%
Leliwa-Kopystyński J. , Satorre M.
Acta Geophysica
|
2013
|
tom Vol. 61, no. 5
1304--1321
EN
Studies of sublimation of complex ices prepared by deposition of gaseous CO, CH4, N2, and NH3 molecules on a cold plate have been performed. The low pressure and low temperature system was used: 10−9–10−5 mbar and the lowermost temperature 10 K. Diagnostic of composition of evaporates (at an actual temperature) was done by means of the mass spectrometer. The latter allowed following simultaneously the partial pressure of five different ions or radicals escaping from the substrate. It has been found that highly volatile molecules that were used simultaneously with the low volatile ones to form the complex ices (mixtures or clathrates) present a different sublimation pattern than the sublimation of pure high-volatile ices. In particular, the high-volatile component sublimes at two or even three different temperature regimes: At low temperature that is typical for sublimation of this component, as well as at much higher temperatures. This effect seems to be important when degassing and outbursts from cometary nuclei are considered. It can be also important for modeling of cryovolcanic processes on the icy satellites.
7
Content available Feasibility study of flood risk monitoring based on optical satellite data
75%
Weintrit B. , Osińska-Skotak K. , Pilarska M.
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
|
2018
|
tom 22
|
nr 3
172-180
EN
This article presents an extensive feasibility study of the use of optical satellite data for flood risk monitoring. The article presents a review of existing and archival satellite systems. The capabilities and restrictions of using earth observation data are presented, in relation to the identified threat and taking into account the size, genesis and cause. The initial results of the studies demonstrate the potential of very high and highresolution satellite imagery for the operational detection of damage and risk areas. In the presented approach, two analyses were conducted: bare soil detection and water range detection, based on different radiometric indices. As a result of the conducted research, the best results in bare soil detection were obtained using the MSAVI and NDVI indices. The most effective at delimiting water was the NDVI index. The automatization of satellite data processing from different satellite systems gives opportunities for hydrological services and crisis management professionals to access accurate and up-to-date information about the condition of levees for the early detection of flood risk.
8
Content available Genetically modified organisms – economy and safety
75%
Bąkowska-Żywicka K. , Tyczewska A. , Twardowski T.
Nauka
|
2008
|
nr 3
EN
A short historical description of Polish contribution to astronomy and rocket technology is given. Then Polish activities in field of space exploration, such as instrument designed and build in Poland and placed on board of rockets, satellites and space probes during last 50 years are described. Contributions of the Space Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences as well as astronomical discoveries made by Polish astrophysicists are presented. Most important missions in which instruments build in Poland were placed on board are among others: Mars Express and Venus Express, Cassini-Huygens, Rosetta and Integral. Among numerous discoveries made by Polish astrophysicists, one should mention the discovery and proper identification of powerful burst from magnetar SGR 1806-20 and the discovery of unusually rapid bursts from black hole Cyg X-1.
9
Content available Polish contribution to space research
75%
Wolański P. , Banaszkiewicz M. , Kłos Z. , Ziółkowski J. , Zdziarski A.
Nauka
|
2008
|
nr 3
EN
A short historical description of Polish contribution to astronomy and rocket technology is given. Then Polish activities in field of space exploration, such as instrument designed and build in Poland and placed on board of rockets, satellites and space probes during last 50 years are described. Contributions of the Space Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences as well as astronomical discoveries made by Polish astrophysicists are presented. Most important missions in which instruments build in Poland were placed on board are among others: Mars Express and Venus Express, Cassini-Huygens, Rosetta and Integral. Among numerous discoveries made by Polish astrophysicists, one should mention the discovery and proper identification of powerful burst from magnetar SGR 1806-20 and the discovery of unusually rapid bursts from black hole Cyg X-1.
10
Content available Satelity teledetekcyjne odwracające wzork
75%
Ziemnicki P.
Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny
|
2023
|
tom nr 5
42--46
11
Content available Geodata sources and geoinformation systems in hydrometeorological security
63%
Drzewiecki D.
Security and Defence Quarterly
|
2016
|
tom 11
|
nr 2
93-109
EN
A definition of the concept of information was placed in the publication of spatial ata with reference to the hydrometeorological systems covering the country. The next keys to the encryption and transmitting of hydrometeorological measurement were specified in the international system for warning against the dangerous phenomena of the weather. The characteristics of meteorological data they presented were based on the system of weather satellites (circumpolar and geostationary) and of the POLRAD radar system, included in the radar security system of European space. At the end, a few examples were given of geoportals monitoring the state of the natural environment and elements of the ISOK security system, the SMOK system and SSH military system of the Republic of Poland.
12
Content available Russia’s space defence from its beginning to the present time
63%
Deák J.
Dvacáté století - The Twentieth Century
|
2015
|
tom 7
|
nr 2
9-23
EN
Moscow commemorated the Victory Day with the greatest parade83 since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Russia, a nuclear power, still counts as a military superpower. The military forces, which were founded to carry out space tasks — but their very first task was to construct a scientific-experimental shooting range — has become the guarantee of this retarding force during the six years of their existence.84 Their name today is Aerospace Defence Forces (Voyska Vozdushno- Kosmicheskoy Oborony, VVKO) and their effectiveness according to president Putin is “fundamentally the guarantee of the firmness of our retarding force and at the same time the defence of the territory of our country from aerial and cosmic attacks”.
CS
Moskva si připomněla Den vítězství největší vojenskou přehlídkou86 od rozpadu Sovětského svazu. S Ruskem, jadernou mocností, se musí stále počítat jako s vojenskou supervelmocí. Vojenské jednotky, jež vznikly za účely spojenými s vesmírem — ale jejich prvním úkolem bylo zkonstruovat vědecko-experimentální střelnici —, se během své šestileté existence staly zárukou vzdušné brzdné síly.87 Jejich dnešní název je Vzdušné obranné síly (Voyska Vozdushno-Kosmicheskoy Oborony, VVKO) a podle prezidenta Putina je jejich účinnost „základní garancí pe
13
Content available Potencjał informacyjny nowych misji satelitarnych w zakresie badań środowiska
63%
Dukaczewski D. , Bielecka E.
Teledetekcja Środowiska
|
2009
|
tom T. 41
23--35
EN
In December of 2009 the total number of active civil remote sensing satellites was 130. One of the largest group were multitask land observation remote sensing satellites (49 missions), providing data employed in majority of Earth Sciences and applied in spatial databases. Currently many new remote sensing missions are in preparation. The 103 of them will start in 2010 – 2015 and 24 in 2016 – 2025 period. The aim of this research was to analyse the possibilities of employment of the new remote sensing data to produce spatial data, and to investigate the suitability of usage of this data. To achieve these goals, it was necessary to classify the types of remote sensing data. The next step was the analysis of the possibility of production thematic information for supplying spatial databases. The investigations allowed to identify the new trends concerning the design of new remote sensing missions and enabled to estimate the possibilities of employment of remote sensing data to produce spatial data, as well as to estimate the opportunities to use them for supplying spatial databases.
14
Content available Odpowiedzialność za zanieczyszczenie przestrzeni kosmicznej
63%
Polkowska M. , Toumi M.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
|
2023
|
tom 18
|
nr 20 (2)
235-254
EN
The legacy of over 50 years of spaceflight has brought not only technical developments and scientific and achievements, but it has also led to a growing population of space debris. There are many sources of space pollution: abandoned equipment such as launch vehicle upper stages or satellites that have been abandoned at the end of their life, items from spacecraft released during mission operations (typically these items include launch vehicle fairings, split screws, cable ties, lens hoods and caps). Various shapes and sizes of debris are also produced by equipment degradation due to gases, solar radiation, as well as the operation of solid rocket engines. Examples of such products are paint flakes, alumina particles from exhaust gases and solid engine coating residues. The international community is making efforts to reduce the danger posed by the spread of space debris caused by state and private entities involved in the exploitation of space.
PL
Dziedzictwo ponad 50 lat lotów kosmicznych przyniosło nie tylko rozwój techniczny i naukowy oraz osiągnięcia, ale doprowadziło również do rosnącej populacji śmieci kosmicznych. Źródeł kosmicznych zanieczyszczeń jest wiele: porzucony sprzęt, taki jak górne stopnie rakiet nośnych lub satelity, które zostały porzucone pod koniec ich eksploatacji, przedmioty ze statków kosmicznych uwalniane w trakcie operacji misyjnych (zazwyczaj te elementy obejmują owiewki pojazdu startowego, śruby rozdzielające, opaski zaciskowe, osłony i pokrywy obiektywu). Różne kształty i rozmiary gruzu powstają również w wyniku degradacji sprzętu, działania gazów, promieniowania słonecznego, a także działania silników rakietowych na paliwo stałe. Przykładami takich produktów są płatki farby, cząstki tlenku glinu ze spalin i stałe pozostałości pokrycia silnika. Społeczność międzynarodowa podejmuje starania, aby zmniejszyć niebezpieczeństwo płynące z rozpowszechnienia się szczątków kosmicznych spowodowanych przez podmioty państwowe i prywatne zajmujące się eksploatacją Kosmosu.
15
Content available Czy wszystko jest wojną? Technologie podwójnego zastosowania, a zacieranie granic między wojną i pokojem
63%
Pietrusiński M.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
|
2024
|
nr 3(42) z.1
152-162
PL
Klasyczny paradygmat myślenia o konfliktach zbrojnych należy już do przeszłości. Dziś wojny nie są wypowiadane wprost, po prostu zaczynają się i trwają, a działania o charakterze politycznym i informacyjnym są elementem wojennej rzeczywistości tak samo oczekiwanym, jak eksplozje i ostrzał. Kiedy zaczyna się wojna, należy spodziewać się ataku z dowolnego kierunku. To nie tylko kwestia kierunku geograficznego, ale co ważniejsze, elementów, które wzajemnie kształtują zdigitalizowaną rzeczywistość. Sam cel wojny pozostaje ten sam, czyli złamać wolę przeciwnika, zdezorganizować działanie państwa, wprowadzić chaos w szeregach armii, przerwać pętlę decyzyjną i odciąć przeciwnika od sojuszników – odizolować go. Różnica w stosunku do doświadczeń z poprzednich dekad polega na dodaniu do listy efektorów takich narzędzi, które wcześniej nie były utożsamiane z wojną. W związku z niejasną sytuacją w zakresie globalnego bezpieczeństwa, determinującą dynamiczne zmiany w krajobrazie technologicznym, sektor obronny coraz częściej zwraca się ku rozwiązaniom wykorzystywanym przemysłowo w celu utrzymania konkurencyjności i przewagi na polu bitwy. Siłą napędową innowacji obronnych jest wykorzystanie technologii podwójnego zastosowania.
EN
The classic paradigm of thinking about armed conflict is a thing of the past. Today, wars are not declared outright, they simply begin and continue, and actions of a political and informational nature are an element of war reality as expected as explosions and gunfire. When a war begins an attack is to be expected from any direction. It’s not just a matter of geographic direction, but more importantly of the elements that interconnectedly shape the digitized reality. The goal of war itself remains the same, i.e. to break the will of the opponent, to disorganize the operation of the state, to introduce chaos in the ranks of the army, to break the decision-making loop and to cut off the opponent from allies - to isolate him. The difference from the experience of previous decades is the addition to the list of effectors of such tools, which were not previously identified with war. With the unclear global security situation determining dynamic changes in the technological landscape, the defense sector is increasingly turning to industrially-used solutions to maintain competitiveness and advantage on the battlefield. Driving defense innovation is the use of dual-use technologies.
16
Content available Nasze plejady
63%
Królikowski J.
Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny
|
2023
|
tom nr 2
48--50
17
Content available Analysis of the influence of the object’s elevation on laser measurements obtained in Borowiec in 2016-2023
63%
Smagło A. , Lejba P. , Matyszewski M.
Aviation and Security Issues
|
2023
|
tom No. 2
17--32
EN
This paper presents an analysis of how an object’s position above the horizon affects laser measurements obtained in laser station in Borowiec. The objects used for this analysis were active satellites from LEO (Low Earth Orbit) and MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) regimes, as well as space debris from LEO regime. The data used for this analysis spanned from the second half of 2016 to the first half of 2023. The results of tests performed at the BORL station indicate that for LEO objects, it is least effective to make observations when the object is close to the zenith, i.e. 80-90 degrees above the horizon. The highest returns are obtained when the object is at an elevation of 20-39 degrees. These results apply to both active satellites and space debris objects from the LEO regime. In the case of MEO satellites the highest returns are received when the object is at an elevation of 50-79 degrees.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę wpływu pozycji obiektu nad horyzontem na pomiary laserowe otrzymane przez stację laserową w Borówcu. Obiektami wykorzystanymi do analizy są aktywne satelity z rejonu LEO (Niska Orbita Okołoziemska) oraz MEO (Średnia Orbita Okołoziemska), jak również śmieci kosmiczne z orbit LEO. Dane pomiarowe użyte do przeprowadzenia badania pochodzą z okresu pomiędzy drugą połową 2016 r. oraz pierwszą połową 2023 r. Otrzymane wyniki dla stacji BORL wykazują, że najmniej efektywne dla obiektów LEO jest wykonywanie pomiarów dla elewacji bliskich zenitu, tj. 80-90 stopni, zaś najwięcej powrotów pozyskano, gdy obiekty te znajdowały się nad horyzontem, czyli dla elewacji 20-39 stopni. Powyższe rezultaty odnoszą się zarówno dla aktywnych satelitów, jak i śmieci kosmicznych z rejonu LEO. W przypadku satelitów znajdujących się na orbitach MEO najwięcej odbić wiązki lasera zarejestrowano dla elewacji z przedziału 50-79 stopni.
18
Nowe narzędzia do inspekcji, diagnostyki i oceny istniejących obiektów mostowych
51%
Rakoczy A. M. , Karwowski W. , Ribeiro D. , Santos R. , Cabral R.
Mosty
|
2023
|
tom nr 4
40-45
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono najnowsze kierunki w zakresie zdalnych inspekcji konstrukcji mostowych. Zaprezentowano zestawienie najnowszych technologii stosowanych do inspekcji opartych na komputerowych systemach obrazowania i innych systemach bezkontaktowych (w tym LiDAR, termowizja) instalowanych w bezzałogowych statkach powietrznych (UAV) i pojazdach naziemnych.
EN
Recent scientific and technological advancements have enabled a more efficient structural condition assessment of bridges, mainly through the implementation of intelligent inspection strategies. These intelligent strategies can prevent the failure of critical components in advance as well as identify mitigation actions to avoid future failures. The latest inspection technology can provide inspection plans with damage conditions, create a damage report as well as provide statistics and comparisons to the previous inspection findings. The new and existing inspection technologies are directed to facilitate the digitalization of the Bridge Management System (BMS). The complexity of maintenance/ inspection requires organised, automated, open, and transparent digital processes, which should consider both structure and asset management data. Furthermore, the inspection/monitoring findings serve as a source for decision-making models. The digitalised aspects of autonomous inspection provide better performance prediction models and guarantee safety for the users. This paper presents the latest findings in the field of remote inspection of bridges. In particular, the main technologies for inspection are depicted, especially those based on computer vision systems installed in UAVs and robots, LiDAR, radar, satellites, and other non-contact systems including onboard monitoring.
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