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1

The Challenge of the Knowledge-Based Economy: The Polish Case

100%

Lissowska M.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2007

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tom 214

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nr 3

7-23

EN

The paper focuses on barriers to the development of a knowledge-based economy in Poland. The author analyzes views about the knowledge-based economy presented in professional literature. She examines the conditions for the development of the economy, considering changes in geographic factors and economic policy. Her analysis of the knowledge-based economy is based on a presentation of statistical data and reports. Lissowska also considers information on the European Union’s plans to enhance research and innovation across Europe. The analysis shows that the knowledge-based economy is insufficiently developed and differs unfavorably from the state prior to transition and from the average state displayed by other EU countries with a similar level of development. Industrial enterprises display insufficient initiative, with little involvement among foreign-owned companies to create innovation in their research centers in Poland. Small technology-oriented firms have made little effort despite their intellectual potential and possibilities. The main barriers to the development of the knowledge-based economy include the unfavorable legacy of the period prior to transition and imperfect industrial and innovation policies, along with an inadequate institutional and organizational environment. These imperfections may aggravate the vicious circle of uncertainty by adding to risk avoidance among suppliers of capital and an insufficient absorption of innovation, the author concludes. To tap the existing intellectual potential and make good use of the growing amount of funds (including EU structural funds and money for research and competitiveness promotion), it is necessary to focus on institutional and organizational tools likely to encourage potential investors and enable them to pursue knowledge-based projects.

2

Propozycje zmian bodźców podatkowych wspierających działalność B+R polskich przedsiębiorstw

88%

Adamczyk A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2010

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tom 244

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nr 11-12

41-60

EN

Sustainable economic growth in Poland requires a high level of innovation. At the moment, innovation in the Polish economy is low due to factors such as insufficient research and development (R&D) expenditure in the corporate sector. In 2006, tax incentives were introduced to stimulate R&D in enterprises. However, they failed to produce the expected results. The incentives enjoyed little interest among businesspeople, and in consequence failed to contribute to increased spending on R&D in the corporate sector. The paper aims to evaluate these tax incentives by using international comparisons and putting forward proposals for changes in the tax break system. The existing system was examined with the use of the B-index (“before-tax income needed to break even on one dollar of R&D spending”), a popular measure of the tax system’s influence on investment in R&D applied by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The B-index is based on the idea of a marginal effective tax rate. It measures the relative profitability of R&D expenditure in a given tax system. The analyses made by the author show that the Polish tax system has a negative impact on R&D in the corporate sector-more detrimental than suggested by the B-indexes calculated by the OECD. The results obtained lead the author to conclude that the tax regulations currently in force in Poland are among the least favorable among OECD countries in terms of their influence on R&D in the corporate sector. According to Adamczyk, the main reason behind the unfavorable influence of the Polish tax system on the profitability of R&D in the corporate sector is that the existing tax breaks apply to a limited number of taxpayers. Other causes include inadequate income tax rates and tax amortization regulations used in the country. Poland’s current tax instruments designed to support R&D, due to their highly selective nature, contradict the idea of direct fiscal incentives, Adamczyk says. He adds that the effectiveness of tax breaks may also depend on factors not covered by the B-index, such as the transparency and stability of tax regulations.

3

Preferencje podatkowe dla innowacyjnych przedsiębiorstw

75%

Nowak P.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2014

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tom 28

162-183

PL

Polska w rankingach innowacyjności wypada słabo. Na unijnej tablicy innowacyjności z 2013 roku znalazła się grupie państw o najgorszych wynikach i została sklasyfikowana na 24 miejscu wśród 27 państw. Zanotowała tym samym spadek o jedno miejsce w stosunku do poprzedniego roku. Słabość polskiego systemu innowacji wynika głównie z niezadowalającego zaangażowania w działalność innowacyjną firm, zwłaszcza sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw (MSP). Niepokojącym zjawiskiem jest niski udział wydatków prywatnych w całkowitych nakładach przeznaczonych na prace badawczo-rozwojowe (B+R) oraz brak istotnych zmian w wielkości tego wskaźnika na przestrzeni ostatnich lat. Wskaźnik łącznych nakładów publicznych i prywatnych na B+R w relacji do PKB wyniósł w Polsce w 2011 r. ok. 0,77%, co stanowiło zaledwie 1/3 średniej unijnej. Preferencje podatkowe zostały określone przede wszystkim w ustawie z 29 lipca 2005 r. o niektórych formach wspierania działalności innowacyjnej (Dz.U. z 2005 r. nr 179, poz. 1484.) i jej późniejszych nowelizacjach. Należą do nich m.in.: odliczenie wydatków na zakup nowych technologii w postaci praw niematerialnych i prawnych, uzyskanie przez przedsiębiorstwo statusu centrum badawczo-rozwojowego oraz kredyt technologiczny. Celem artykułu jest ocena skuteczności istniejących preferencji podatkowych w zachęcaniu przedsiębiorstw do ponoszenia wydatków na działalność innowacyjną oraz przedstawienie zmian proponowanych przez Ministerstwo Gospodarki w tym zakresie.

EN

Poland is going down in the rankings of innovativeness. After a two-year period of being in the group of moderate innovators, it dropped to the weakest group of modest innovators, and ranked 24th in the Innovation Union Scoreboard 2013. The weakness of Polish innovation system is caused mainly by weak engagement of enterprises in innovation activity. This is especially true for Small and Medium Enterprise Sector. Relation of R&D expenditures to GNP was only about 0.77% in Poland and constituted only a third of GERD/GNP for the 27 State Members of European Union (over 2%). Tax preferences were set in the Polish law in order to support enterprises’ innovative activity. They include: tax reductions on purchases of new technologies, the status of Research and Development Center, and technological credit. The analysis is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of tax preferences in Poland against other countries of the region and giving an estimation of impact of tax instruments on innovative activity of companies.

4

Israeli Innovation Policy: an Important Instrument of Perusing Political Interest at the Global Stage

75%

Dyduch J. , Olszewska K.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2018

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tom 2 (47)

265–283

EN

Israel is perceived in the international environment as one of the top leaders in innovation. This is proven by the progressively high position of this country in international rankings and the participation of Israeli scientists and technologists in prestigious international programs. In this article, we claim that the aims of Israeli innovation policy, which has the biggest impact on the shape and content of the innovation ecosystem, are highly politicized. The status quo driven by the key assumption of the state strategy, according to which obtaining a competitive predominance in the political international environment will be achieved through economic instruments, primarily technological innovation. Therefore the aim of this article is to critically analyze Israeli innovation policy and the innovation ecosystem, paying special attention to the state interest and the government activities in this realm. For the purpose of this analysis, some basic assumptions of the neoliberal economy redefined by Arie Krampf will be utilized. Furthermore, to better describe and explain the link between politics and economy in the Israeli innovation ecosystem we will refer to the K.N. Waltz considerations on mechanisms of the political and economic system in a globalizing world.

5

R&D: Italy and Poland Compared

63%

Fino V. , Rosiek J.

Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia

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2016

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nr 15

109-131

EN

Innovation and R&D are primary policy factors when governments seek to address major societal challenges through state-level welfare initiatives, and are essential elements in balancing socio-economic development. It is for this reason that the European Union and the governments of its member states have launched a series of initiatives, such as the Lisbon strategy, the Europe 2020 Strategy, the Green Paper on Innovation, and the Action Plan for Innovation in Europe, to stimulate and support innovation and R&D. The article reviews the literature on the theory of innovation in terms of its impact on R&D and compares the development activity undertaken in this area in Poland and Italy. Underpinned by quantitative data and a SWOT analysis, it then presents a comparative analysis of these countries’ research systems. The conclusion specifies policy initiatives that could be taken by Poland and Italy to encourage innovation-based R&D.

PL

Innowacje oraz badania i rozwój (B+R) stanowią istotne sfery działalności w nowoczesnych społeczeństwach oraz zasadniczy element polityki rządów, które chcą sprostać kluczowym wyzwaniom społecznym związanym z implementacją koncepcji państwa dobrobytu do gospodarek narodowych. Ponadto aktywność w tych dziedzinach stanowi istotny element równoważenia ich rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Z tego powodu Unia Europejska, a także rządy krajów członkowskich ugrupowania starają się stwarzać bodźce stymulujące rozwój tego rodzaju aktywności, przede wszystkim poprzez podejmowanie wielu inicjatyw mających na celu jej wspieranie, takich jak strategia lizbońska, strategia Europa 2020, zielona księga innowacji, plan działań na rzecz wspierania innowacji w Europie. W niniejszym artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury w zakresie teorii innowacji, w aspekcie jej oddziaływania na sferę B+R, a także porównano rozwój aktywności w tym obszarze pomiędzy Polską a Włochami. Podstawę prowadzonych rozważań stanowią: dane ilościowe, analiza SWOT oraz analiza porównawcza sposobu funkcjonowania systemów badawczych w tych krajach. W końcowej części opracowania zostały zamieszczone wnioski i rekomendacje odnośnie do pożądanego kierunku i charakteru polityki tych krajów w ramach wspierania działalności w zakresie B+R opartej na innowacjach.