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Comparing Instrument-induced Effects in EFL Requests: Task-based Approach versus Discourse Completion Task

100%

Floeck I. , Pfingsthorn J.

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nr 54

51-63

EN

In Interlanguage Pragmatics (ILP) research, the Discourse Completion Task (DCT) is the main source of insight into speakers’ productions of pragmatic phenomena. Its omnipresence as a means of data collection can be explained by the need of comparability of data sets and (sociolinguistic) variable control. However, some studies suggest a discrepancy between surface realisations observed in naturally occurring data and experimental data like DCTs (cf. e.g. Beebe and Cummings 1996; Golato 2003).Unfortunately, the results of these studies are inconclusive and do not offer any information about quantitative differences in realisation patterns and about the impact of different methodological approaches on interlanguage data. It is therefore the aim of the present study to compare the influence of two methods of data collection, DCTs and task-based elicited conversations, on the realisation of the head act strategies in requests produced by advanced learners of English. Overall, our results show a significant difference in the distributions of request head act strategies across the two methodological conditions. The conversational head acts are substantially more direct than the requests elicited by DCTs. The patterns observed in learner data strongly resemble the ones found in native speaker requests in the same methodological scenarios. This implies that despite earlier claims, advanced learners can display target-like language use. The resemblances furthermore indicate that semi-naturalistic methods of data collection are a more valid means to obtain learner data that is representative of naturally occurring conversations.

2

Magičeskie performativy v zagovorach i kalendarnych pesnjach Vostočnych Slavjan

84%

Judin A. V.

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tom 13

139–148

PL

Dla człowieka religijnego czasowniki proszę, błagam są prośbą skierowaną do Boga lub świętych, nigdy zaś wyrazem woli mówiącego. Te same formy, użyte z wiarą w osiągnięcie rezultatu w tekstach zamówień, są magicznymi performatywami, z punktu widzenia bowiem wygłaszającego tekst dokonuje się realna zmiana w obiektywnym świecie rzeczy. Mówiąc obiecuję, proszę zamawiający zmienia nie obiektywne położenie rzeczy otaczającego świata, lecz swoje odniesienia z innymi ludźmi. Performatyw jawi się nie tylko jako słowo, lecz jako czynność. Zamówienia, kolędy, pieśni wołoczebne są tzw. magicznymi tekstami performatywnymi. Podstawą do takiego potraktowania jest funkcja całego tekstu. Zamówienie może nie zawierać czasowników typu zaklinam, szepczę, a kolęda – pozdrawiam, winszuje, a ciągle pozostanie magicznym tekstem performatywnym, jeśli zachowa swoją intencję i funkcję. W przypadku używania w funkcji zamówień tekstów cerkiewnych lub apokryficznych modlitw, niemożliwe staje się rozgraniczenie performatywnych tekstów magicznych od religijnych ze względu na nieznaną ukrytą intencję wygłaszającego: to, czy zwraca się do sił wyższych z modlitwą, która może pomóc, a może nie być usłyszaną, czy też jako mag, przekonany co do niewątpliwej efektywności swoich działań. W pierwszym wypadku zamówienie, które jest tekstem folkloru, okazuje się modlitwą, a obecne w nim performatywy – religijnymi; w wypadku drugim – zamówienie jawi się jako przykład werbalnej ludowej magii.

EN

For a religious person, the verbs proszę ‘I’m asking you for’, błagam ‘I’m begging you’ are requests addressed to God or the saints, never a manifestation of the speaker’s will. The same forms, used with a firm belief in their effectiveness in magic spells, serve as performatives: from the point of view of the speaker, the result is a real change in the objective world. By saying obiecuję ‘I promise’ or proszę ‘Pm asking you for’, the speaker does not change the objects of the world but his or her relationships to other people. A performative verbs is not only a word but an action. Magic spells, Christmas carols, spring ‘wishing’ songs (pieśni wółoczebne) are the so called magic performative texts, a term justified by the function of a particular text as a whole. A magic spell need not contain the verbs zaklinam ‘I cast a spell’ or szepczę ‘I am whispering’; similarly, a carol need not contain the verbs pozdrawiam ‘I am greeting (someone)’ or winszuję ‘I wish (someone something’, ‘I congratulate (someone)’. Yet, they remain performative texts if they preserve their intention and function. In the case of orthodox texts or apocryphal prayers used as magic spells, it is impossible to distinguish magic performative texts from religious texts. This is due to an unknown, hidden intention of the speaker: whether the text is a prayer, which may help but need not necessarily be heard, or whether the speaker is a sorcerer convinced that what is being done will be effective. In the former case, a magic spell, which is a text of folklore, proves to be a prayer, and the performatives which it contains are of religious type. In the latter case, a spell appears to be an example of verbal folk magic. The identification of the magic or religious intention of the speaker provides the basis for the recognition of two distinct groups of performative verbs and of whole texts with performative meaning: magic performatives and religious performatives. Both groups stand in opposition to all other verbs and texts because from the point of view of someone convinced of the effectiveness of magic or someone religious, use of words/texts leads to direct changes in the objective world, which depends on the will of the real or presupposed addressee of the utterance, should such an addressee exist.

3

Zgłaszanie problemów i pomysłów przez Internet z wykorzystaniem map (geolokalizacji). Perspektywa prawnoadministracyjna

67%

Jakubowski A.

Studia Iuridica

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2020

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tom 85

193-212

PL

This article presents the analysis of the legal aspects of administrative systems for reporting problems and ideas using maps (geolocation – spatial data) via the Internet. As part of the analysis of such systems, the 19115 system functioning in Warsaw was presented in detail. In the article, the legal regulation of the 19115 system which is of an intra-organizational character was referred to the provisions of generally binding laws – Section VIII of the Code of Administrative Procedure and the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 8 January 2002 on the organization of receipt and processing of complaints and requests. The research confirmed that the functional interpretation of these laws leads to the conclusion that the systems at issue are generally consistent with them. The problems and ideas submitted by residents through such systems should be treated as requests within the meaning of the Code of Administrative Procedure. However, in order to avoid doubts and practical difficulties, it is advisable to amend Section VIII of the Administrative Procedure Code and the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of 8 January 2002 on the organization of the receipt and processing of complaints and requests in accordance with the submitted de lege ferenda conclusions. They assume, inter alia, the introduction of an explicit legal basis for establishing such systems.