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Telegraph communication networks used by the Japanese pharmaceutical industry in 1901

100%

Amijima T.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

2019

tom 23

nr 3

This article examines how the communication network of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry operated around the turn of the century to create spatial interactions across the national medicine market during a period of intense industrialization. In 1901, pharmaceutical wholesalers in Osaka compiled The Telegraph Codebook of Pharmacies in Japan to facilitate national trade in medicine, although its use was restricted to only the 177 pharmacies that joined the Pharmaceutical Telegraph Communication Alliance. This alliance had close ties with wholesalers in Osaka and comprised national-level qualified chemists. The use of this communication network by telegraph enabled the integration and progression of the Japanese pharmaceutical market in the early 20th century; however, pharmacies also began to build diferent and layered communication networks that corresponded to their respective business styles. Findings indicate that pharmacies used diferent communication networks of diferent spatial scales, thereby operating regional specialization and national integration networks simultaneously.

Methods of regional and local formation of rural areas in Poland

100%

Heller J.

Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej

2001

nr 2-3dodatek