Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Argumentationsmuster und -schemata in positiven Arztbewertungen

100%

Kałasznik M.

Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław

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2021

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nr 19

119-131

EN

Nowadays there is a tendency to use the Internet for everything, e.g. evaluate products, services, people, etc. Online reviews play a major role because they can help determine the likelihood of buying a particular product, the use of a service, or the pre-evaluation of a particular person. In this context, doctor reviews are analyzed in the article, which are understood as texts in which a patient can rate his doctor after the visit or after the treatment. Thus, subjective opinions of the patient about the doctor come to light in doctor reviews. The function of doctor reviews, which are accessible online for everyone, is basically to take your own position on the doctor‘s visit and to describe the impressions. Linked to this, however, is the fact that such texts also have an appealing character in that they can induce other possible patients to choose an appropriate doctor. The corpus of the investigation includes almost 160 medical reviews from an orthopedic surgeon, which were taken from the medical evaluation portal jameda.de in October 2019. In this context, the present article tries to examine which argumentation patterns and schemes are used by Internet users in order to convince other potential patients to visit a doctor and to recommend him to others. In the case of argumentation models, recurring statements about the doctor‘s competence, success of the treatment, friendly and competent care by the doctor and the entire team, about communication skills and stress reduction could be found. These factors determine the overall positive evaluation and the recommendation of the doctor, as well as contribute to the fact that patients thank the doctor in the evaluation. The identified categories, however, also refer to the expectations of the patients with regard to the doctor‘s visit. In the case of argumentation schemes, on the other hand, linguistic means could be identified that introduce a certain type of argumentation (causal, pragmatic and symptomatic argumentation as well as argumentation based on analogy). The analysis is anchored in the field of pragmalinguistics, the results of which can also be important for practice owners and doctors who attach great importance to online marketing.

2

Henkin semantics for reasoning with natural language

100%

Hahn M. , Richter F.

Journal of Language Modelling

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2015

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tom Vol. 3, No. 2

513--568

EN

The frequency of intensional and non-first-order definable operators in natural languages constitutes a challenge for automated reasoning with the kind of logical translations that are deemed adequate by formal semanticists. Whereas linguists employ expressive higher-order logics in their theories of meaning, the most successful logical reasoning strategies with natural language to date rely on sophisticated first-order theorem provers and model builders. In order to bridge the fundamental mathematical gap between linguistic theory and computational practice, we present a general translation from a higher-order logic frequently employed in the linguistics literature, two-sorted Type Theory, to first-order logic under Henkin semantics. We investigate alternative formulations of the translation, discuss their properties, and evaluate the availability of linguistically relevant inferences with standard theorem provers in a test suite of inference problems stated in English. The results of the experiment indicate that translation from higher-order logic to first-order logic under Henkin semantics is a promising strategy for automated reasoning with natural languages.

3

Logic And Cognition:

100%

Urbański M.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2011

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tom 20

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nr 1-2

175-185

EN

In this paper two concepts of psychologism in logic are outlined: the one which Frege and Husserl fought against and the new psychologism, or cognitivism, which underlies a cognitive turn in contemporary logic. Four issues such cognitively oriented logic should be interested in are indicated. They concern: new fields opened for logical analysis, new methods and tools needed to address these fields, neural basis of logical reasoning, and an ed- ucational problem: how to teach such logic? Several challenging questions, which arise in the context of these issues, are listed.

4

Abduction: Some Conceptual Issues

100%

Urbański M. , Klawiter A.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2018

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tom 27

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nr 4 Special Issue on Logic, Cognition, Argumentation. Guest Editors: Mariusz Urbański, Michiel van Lambalgen and Marcin Koszowy

583-597

EN

We claim that abduction should primarily be studied from the perspective of its use. The big question “What is abduction?” is most often interpreted substantively and this distracts attention from the instrumental aspect of this form of reasoning. We propose to address the problem by asking “How abduction is used?”. As a result of our approach we see the fact that abduction needs to be construed as concerned with both generation and evaluation of hypotheses, and, furthermore, that abduction is a compound form of reasoning.

5

General aptitude and the assumption of truth in deductively rational reasoning about probable but false antecedent to consequent relations

100%

Schroyens W. , Fleerackers L. , Maes S.

Advances in Cognitive Psychology

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2010

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tom 6

88-102

EN

Two experiments (N1= 117 andN2= 245) on reasoning with knowledge-rich conditionals showed a main effect of logical validity, which was due to the negative effect of counter-examples being smaller for valid than for invalid arguments. These findings support the thesis that some people tend to inhibit background inconsistent with the hypothetical truth of the premises, while others tend to abandon the implicit truth-assumption when they have factual evidence to the contrary. Findings show that adhering to the truth-assumption in the face of conflicting evidence to the contrary requires an investment of time and effort which people with a higher general aptitude are more likely to do.

6

Logic, Reasoning, Argumentation: Insights from the Wild

100%

Zenker F.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2018

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tom 27

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nr 4 Special Issue on Logic, Cognition, Argumentation. Guest Editors: Mariusz Urbański, Michiel van Lambalgen and Marcin Koszowy

421-451

EN

This article provides a brief selective overview and discussion of recent research into natural language argumentation that may inform the study of human reasoning on the assumption that an episode of argumentation issues an invitation to accept a corresponding inference. As this research shows, arguers typically seek to establish new consequences based on prior information. And they typically do so vis-à-vis a real or an imagined opponent, or an opponent-position, in ways that remain sensitive to considerations of context, audiences, and goals. Deductively valid inferences remain a limiting case of such reasoning. In view of these insights, it may appear less surprising that allegedly “irrational” behavior can regularly be produced in experimental settings that expose subjects to standardized reasoning tasks.

7

Expert system approach in designing knowladge-based controller

100%

Ptasznik P.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Maszyn, Napędów i Pomiarów Elektrycznych Politechniki Wrocławskiej. Studia i Materiały

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2013

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tom Vol. 69, nr 33

540--549

EN

In this article the knowledge-based control approach will be proposed for nonlinear systems. Firstly some basic concepts from the artificial intelligence will be defined, then the expert system design process will be introduced and finally a practical example will be discussed. The principle of this method is to support the controller with the human-like reasoning to determine the appropriate control mode and to estimate unknown parameters. Note that this is the heuristic approach, hence neither optimal steering, nor stability is guaranteed.

8

Reasoning and Learning in Extended Structured Bayesian Networks

100%

Kłopotek M. A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2003

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tom Vol. 58, nr 2

105--137

EN

Bayesian networks have many practical applications due to their capability to represent joint probability distribution over many variables in a compact way. Though there exist many algorithms for learning Bayesian networks from data, they are not satisfactory because the learned networks usually are not suitable directly for reasoning as they need to be transformed to some other form (tree, polytree, hypertree) statically or dynamically, and this transformation is not trivial [25]. So far only a restricted class of very simple Bayesian networks: trees and poly-trees are directly applicable in reasoning. This paper defines and explores a new class of networks: the Structured Bayesian Networks. Two methods of reasoning are outlined for this type of networks. Possible methods of learning from data are indicated. Similarity to hierarchical networks is pointed at.

9

Obraz pojęcia ciągłości – wyniki badania przeprowadzonego wśród studentów

100%

Borkowicz B.

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2020

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tom 12

89-107

EN

This article addresses the issue of university students' images of the concept of continuity. The aim of the reported study was learn how the students understand continuity of a function and what kind of difficulties they experience when dealing with this concept. The author hopes that this report will help academic teachers to better understand students and their mistakes, and hence will facilitate academic teaching.

10

Filosofická logika?

100%

Peregrin J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2012

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tom 60

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nr 3

343-360

EN

Since, in the twentieth century, logic has come to essentially rest upon mathematics (just like a lot of other sciences) there began to appear many works which, under the title ´logic´, contained what is basically mathematics. There emerged them term mathematical logic (which was however interpreted in various ways, sometimes precisely to indicate a certain purely mathematical discipline resulting from logic, sometimes as the application of logic to the foundations of mathematics and sometimes also as logic undertaken by mathematical means). Some philosophers interesed in logic, but not specifically in mathematics, therefore began to use the term philosophical logic as a way of reinstating a balance between the philosophical and mathematical aspects of logic. There is a problem however in that this term very quickly acquired a whole range of different meanings which have essentially blurred what should be done under this heading; and, moreover, this situation made the very raison d´etre of logic, which grounds it in reality - viz. examination and critical evaluation of the rules which govern our argumentation nad, in a certain sense, our reasoning -, move to a periphery of logic. This situation should be resolved, I belive, by our revisiting the question of what should be the aim of logic, and by clarifying to what extent that which goes under the title logic can really contribute to this aim.

CS

Poté co se logika ve dvacátém století podstatným způsobem opřela o matematiku (podobě jako některé další vědy), začala se objevovat i celá řada prací, které pod hlavičkou logika obsahují v podstatě matematiku. Začalo se hovořit o matematické logice (což bylo ovšem interpretováno různým způsobem, někdy právě jako označení jisté čistě matematické disciplíny vzešlé z logiky, jindy jako aplikace na základy matematiky a opět jindy jako logika provozovaná matematickými prostředky). Někteří filosofové, které zajímala logika, ale nijak specificky matematika, proto začalil razit termín filosofická logika, který měl znovu nastolit rovnováhu mezi filosofickým a matrmatickým aspektem logiky. Problém je ovšem v tom, že tento termín velice rychle získal celou plejádu různých významů, které zcela zatemňují to, co by se mělo pod jeho hlavičkou dělat; a v této situaci se navíc zcela na okraj logiky dostává to, co dává logice její raison d´etre a co ji stále ukotvuje v realitě - totiž zkoumání a kritické hodnocení pravidel, kterými se řídí naše argumentace a v jistém smyslu i naše usuzování. Domnívám se, že tuto situaci je třeba řešit tak, že si zopakujeme, co má být cílem logiky a uděláme si pořádek v tom, co z toho, co se dnes pod hlavičkou logika provozuje, je k tomuto cíli schopno nějak skutečně přispět.

11

Reasoning methods in general and stuctured Bayesian networks

100%

Kłopotek M. A.

Studia Informatica : systems and information technology

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2003

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tom Vol. 1(1)

5--25

EN

Bayesian networks have many practical applications due to their capability to represent joint probability distribution in many variables in a compact way. Though there exist many algorithms for learning Bayesian networks from data, they are not satisfactory because the learned networks usually are not suitable for reasoning. So far only a restricted class of very simple Bayesian networks: trees and poly-trees are directly applicable in reasoning. This paper defines and explores a new class of networks: the Structured Bayesian Networks. Two methods of reasoning are outlined for this type of networks. Possible methods of learning from data are indicated. Similarity to hiearachical networks is pointed at.

12

ExpTime Tableaux with Global Caching for Graded Propositional Dynamic Logic

88%

Nguyen L. A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2016

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tom Vol. 147, nr 2/3

261--288

EN

We present the first direct tableau decision procedure for graded PDL, which uses global caching and has ExpTime (optimal) complexity when numbers are encoded in unary. It shows how to combine checking fulfillment of existential star modalities with integer linear feasibility checking for tableaux with global caching. As graded PDL can be used as a description logic for representing and reasoning about terminological knowledge, our procedure is useful for practical applications.

13

The Effect of Debate Training on Argumentation Skills: The Developmental Process for Japanese College Students

88%

Mika N. , Ichi M. S.

Studies for the Learning Society

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2015

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tom 3

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nr 1-2

4-12

EN

How do students acquire argumentation skills through debating? Although attempts have long been made to answer this question, a common limitation of previous studies is the tendency to ignore the potential of college students who learn how to argue in a community of practice. Cultural difference is also an important theme in argumentation studies, as individuals and a community co-construct the quality of their arguments. In Japanese education, argument is rarely taught in classes. Nakano (2007) pointed out that Japanese students tend to hesitate when arguing with friends, and are low in approach argumentativeness and high in avoidance argumentativeness, compared to other Asian countries. Parliamentary Debate (PD) is most popular and is effective for novice learners of argument (Inoue & Nakano, 2006). Every stage of debating, such as preparation, debate rounds, reflection and so on, forms a cyclic learning system, and this functions as an ideal community of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991). The present study aims at exploring how members of a community acquire argumentation skills through debating. First, we identify patterns of argument produced in the community during a session. Second, we analyse transitional patterns, focusing on individual differences. In order to teach reasoning and persuasion to those who are especially unwilling to oppose someone, we need to have them realize their improvement with confidence by reducing their mental blocks.

14

Computation of extensions of seminormal default theories

88%

Su K. , Li W.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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1999

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tom Vol. 40, Nr 1

79-102

EN

In Reiter's default logic, the operator in the fixed-point definition of extension is not appropriate to compute extensions by its iterated applications. This paper presents a class of alternative operators, called compatible ones, such that, at least for normal default theories and so-called well-founded, ordered default theories, we can get extensions by iterated applications of them. In addition, we completely answer Etherington's conjectures about both his procedure for generating extensions and a modified version of it. In particular, we give an example of a finite, ordered default theory, for which the original procedure fails to converge, and show that the computation of the modified one is essentially the iteration of a compatible operator and converges for finite, ordered theories

15

The Affective Self-regulation of Covert and Overt Reasoning in a Promotion vs. Prevention Mind-set

88%

Kolańczyk A. , Roczniewska M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2015

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tom 46

|

nr 2

228-238

EN

The main hypothesis of studies presented in this article is that episodic implicit evaluations (affects) toward task-relevant objects determine thinking and decisions by actively placing them within or outside the scope of attention. In these studies we also aimed to test the impact of regulatory focus on implicit evaluations and goal pursuit. We applied the Promotion-Prevention Self-control Scale as a measure of mind-set during thinking in the Wason Selection Task (WST) in Study 1 and Island Decision Game (IDG) in Study 2. Directly after learning of the tasks, participants evaluated (in affective priming paradigm) objects that constituted the task’s content. The findings are in line with the hypothesis stating that goals influence the way in which objects are automatically evaluated. The effects of promotion mind-set were more pronounced in both studies. Promotion-focused individuals positively assessed objects that serve as a confirmation. The implicit evaluations by prevention-oriented individuals disclosed their falsifying approach to the WST. The positive implicit evaluation of correct objects suggests their sensitivity to information useful for falsification and is consistent with their tendency to cautiously self-control thinking.

16

Morality, Normativity, and the Good System 2 Fallacy

88%

De Neys W.

Diametros

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2020

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tom 17

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nr 64

90-95

EN

In this commentary, I warn against a possible dual process misconception that might lead people to conclude that utilitarian judgments are normatively correct. I clarify how the misconception builds on (1) the association between System 2 and normativity in the dual process literature on logical/probabilistic reasoning, and (2) the classification of utilitarian judgments as resulting from System 2 processing in the dual process model of moral reasoning. I present theoretical and empirical evidence against both premises.

17

K otázke odôvodňovania vznesenia obvinenia

88%

Vojtuš F. , Kordík M.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2024

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tom 163

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nr 8

831-864

EN

The article discusses the necessity of justifying the indictment of a specific person in criminal proceedings. The issue is examined in the context of current efforts aimed at simplifying the preliminary proceedings, including the simplification of formal requirements for the institution of indicting a specific person. The analysis is primarily based on a comparison of approaches to defining the accused and their delineation within the framework of preliminary or criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, and Poland. The potential impact of the absence of justification for the decision to indict a specific person on the right to a fair trial is also examined. The authors conclude that omitting justification in the institution of indictment would not constitute a deviation from the standards of criminal proceedings in our legal system, nor would it violate the right to a fair trial.

18

Logic-based Reasoning Support for SBVR

88%

Solomakhin D. , Franconi E. , Mosca A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2013

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tom Vol. 124, nr 4

543--560

EN

Automated support to enterprise modeling has increasingly become a subject of interest for organizations seeking solutions for storage, distribution and analysis of knowledge about business processes. This interest has recently resulted in approving the standard for specifying Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR). Despite the existence of formally grounded notations, up to now SBVR still lacks a sound and consistent logical formalization which would allow developing automated solutions able to check the consistency of a set of business rules. This work reports on the attempt to provide logical foundations for SBVR by the means of defining a specific first-order deontic-alethic logic (FODAL). The connections of FODAL with the modal logic QK and the description logic AℒCQℐ have been investigated and, on top of the obtained theoretical results, a special tool providing automated support for consistency checks of a set of AℒCQℐ-expressible deontic and alethic business rules has been implemented.

19

Evolved Mechanisms Versus Underlying Conditional Relations

88%

Astorga M. L.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2015

|

tom 40

|

nr 1

241-253

EN

The social contracts theory claims that, in social exchange circumstances, human reasoning is not necessarily led by logic, but by certain evolved mental mechanisms that are useful for catching offenders. An emblematic experiment carried out with the intention to prove this thesis is the first experiment described by Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby in their paper of 2000. Lopez Astorga has questioned that experiment claiming that its results depend on an underlying conditional logical form not taken into account by Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby. In this paper, I propose an explanation alternative to that of Lopez Astorga, which does not depend on logical forms and is based on the mental models theory. Thus, I conclude that this other alternative explanation is one more proof that the experiment in question does not demonstrate the fundamental thesis of the social contracts theory.

20

The Affective Self-regulation of Covert and Overt Reasoning in a Promotion vs. Prevention Mind-set

88%

Kolańczyk A. , Roczniewska M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

|

2015

|

tom 46

|

nr 2

228-238

EN

The main hypothesis of studies presented in this article is that episodic implicit evaluations (affects) toward task-relevant objects determine thinking and decisions by actively placing them within or outside the scope of attention. In these studies we also aimed to test the impact of regulatory focus on implicit evaluations and goal pursuit. We applied the Promotion-Prevention Self-control Scale as a measure of mind-set during thinking in the Wason Selection Task (WST) in Study 1 and Island Decision Game (IDG) in Study 2. Directly after learning of the tasks, participants evaluated (in affective priming paradigm) objects that constituted the task’s content. The findings are in line with the hypothesis stating that goals influence the way in which objects are automatically evaluated. The effects of promotion mind-set were more pronounced in both studies. Promotion-focused individuals positively assessed objects that serve as a confirmation. The implicit evaluations by prevention-oriented individuals disclosed their falsifying approach to the WST. The positive implicit evaluation of correct objects suggests their sensitivity to information useful for falsification and is consistent with their tendency to cautiously self-control thinking.