Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

History of radiotherapy in Poland. A brief outline of the problem

100%

Gryglewski R. W.

Bio-Algorithms and Med-Systems

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2021

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tom Vol. 17, no. 4

227--233

EN

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to give brief outline on the history of radiotherapy in Poland from its beginnings until first decades of the second half of 20th century. Methods: The study is based on comparative and reconstructive analyses of literature, papers and communications dealing with the history of radiotherapy in Poland. Results: The history of radiotherapy in Poland can be perceived as a gradual process of shaping research centres and practical (clinical) application of radiotherapeutics. The Radium Institute in Warsaw, as well as radiotherapy centers in Poznań and Kraków gained key importance in the period up to the outbreak of World War II. After the end of the war, Gliwice became another important place for the history of the radiotherapy and oncology in Poland. Conclusions: Radiotherapy was early recognized by Polish physicians as promising in clinical treatment. It should be a subject of further studies, especially when formative period, thus before First World War, is analysed.

2

Uranium, radium and radon isotopes in selected brines of Poland

100%

Kozłowska B. , Walencik A. , Przylibski T. A. , Dorda J. , Zipper W.

Nukleonika

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2010

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tom Vol. 55, No. 4

519-522

EN

Natural radioactive isotopes were studied in nine different types of brines from four locations in Poland. Investigated brines are exploited from various geological structures composed of the rocks of different chemical and mineral composition as well as different age and depth. All investigated brines are used in balneotherapy (i.e. baths, inhalations, showers). The main goal of this study was to obtain some basic knowledge on the activity range of natural elements such as uranium, radium and radon in different brine types in Poland and their variability depending on their location in certain geological structures. Activities of 234,238U, 226,228Ra and 222Rn isotopes were measured with the use of two nuclear spectrometry techniques: liquid scintillation and alpha spectrometry. The activity concentrations of 222Rn vary from below 1 to 76.1 plus or minus 3.7 Bq/l, for the 226Ra isotope from 0.19 plus or minus 0.01 to 85.5 plus or minus 0.4 Bq/l and for 228Ra from below 0.03 to 2.17 plus or minus 0.09 Bq/l. For uranium isotopes, the concentrations are in the range from below 0.5 to 5.1 plus or minus 0.4 mBq/l for 238U and from 1.6 plus or minus 0.4 to 45.6 plus or minus 2.0 mBq/l for 234U. The obtained results indicate high radium activity concentrations corresponding to high mineralization of waters.

3

The occurrence of 226Ra and 228Ra in groundwaters of the Polish Sudety Mountains

100%

Przylibski T. , Dorda J. , Kozłowska B.

Nukleonika

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2002

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tom Vol. 47, nr 2

59-64

EN

The paper presents preliminary measurement results of the concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra isotopes in the groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains. The analysis of sampling results for water from 55 intakes showed that the average concentrations amount to 0.144 Bq/dm3 for 226Ra and 0.083 Bq/dm3 for 228Ra, while the extreme values reach 0.007 and 0.92 Bq/dm3 for 226Ra, and 0.004 and 0.4 Bq/dm3 for 228Ra. The activity ratio 228Ra/226Ra in the examined groundwaters ranges between 0.099 and 2.059. The result of the conducted research implies that the highest concentrations of 226Ra and 228Ra occur in the waters with the highest general mineralization (the highest values of total dissolved solids (TDS)).

4

224Ra and the 224Ra/228Ra activity ratio in selected mineral waters from the Polish Carpathians

88%

Nguyen C. D. , Rajchel L. , Van-Duong H. , Nowak J.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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tom Vol. 61, No. 4

771--778

EN

Mineral and therapeutic waters widely occurring in the Polish Carpathians contain a vast amount of biogenic elements. However, radioactive elements like radium isotopes are also found in these waters. This paper presents the first results of the activity concentration measurements of 224Ra in selected mineral waters of the Polish Carpathians. Additionally, the content of 226Ra and 228Ra, and the activity ratios of 224Ra/228Ra, 224Ra/226Ra and 226Ra/228Ra in the waters were determined. The work was based on a method for the simultaneous determination of 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra in water samples using the a/b liquid scintillation spectrometer. The results show that the activity concentrations of 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra in the mineral waters are comparable and vary from ca. 220 mBq/L to above 1500 mBq/L. The activity ratios of 224Ra/228Ra, 224Ra/226Ra and 226Ra/228Ra are variable within the ranges of 0.68 to 1.48, 0.65 to 1.48, and 0.78 to 2.05, respectively. The committed effective dose resulting from the intake of 224Ra through the water consumption is far lower than that from 226Ra and 228Ra.

5

Preliminary studies on natural radioactive nuclides in thermal waters

88%

Chau N. D. , Nowak J.

Nukleonika

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2012

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tom Vol. 57, No. 4

591-595

EN

The paper summaries the data of activity concentrations of uranium, radium isotopes, mineralization and temperature of thermal waters. The data were gathered not only from our measurements of thermal waters occurring in the Polish Carpathians, but also from the attained published references in the world. The graphical relations between concentrations of the uranium and radium isotopes in thermal waters and their parameters such as temperature and mineralization were drawn up and discussed. The relation between the contents of 226Ra and 228Ra for the investigated waters was also analysed. The relations show that the influence of temperature on the mineralization and radioactive elements in thermal waters is complicated.

6

Natural radioactivity of groundwater from the Przerzeczyn-Zdrój Spa

88%

Walencik A. , Kozłowska B. , Przylibski T. A. , Dorda J. , Zipper W.

Nukleonika

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2010

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tom Vol. 55, No. 2

169-175

EN

The present authors performed investigations of natural radioactivity in groundwater from the Przerzeczyn- -Zdrój Spa. Some of the waters are regarded as medical and are used for balneological purposes. Samples from seven groundwater intakes were collected 5 times over a period of 8 years (1999–2007). In order to obtain necessary data, two different nuclear spectrometry techniques were applied: α spectrometry and liquid scintillation spectrometry. The activity concentrations of 222Rn varied in the range from 15±2 Bq/l to 154±22 Bq/l. The results of activity concentrations of 226,228Ra varied from below 10 mBq/l to 30±1.5 mBq/l and from below 30 mBq/l to 60±4 mBq/l, respectively. Activity concentration lower than minimum detectable activity (MDA) was obtained for 3 samples for 226Ra and 4 for 228Ra determinations out of 7 investigated samples. The uranium content in the studied samples was determined once and the value ranged from 4.5±0.6 mBq/l to 13.6±1.2 mBq/l for 238U and from 17.1±0.9 mBq/l to 52.2±2.8 mBq/l for 234U. All obtained values for uranium isotopes showed activity concentrations above MDA. The activity ratios 234U/238U, 222Rn/226Ra and 226Ra/238U and the correlations between different isotopes concentrations were evaluated.

7

Levels of natural radioactivity in mineral and thermal waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina

75%

Kasić A. , Adrović F. , Kasumović A. , Hankić E.

Nukleonika

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2015

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tom 60

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nr 3

503-508

EN

With gamma spectrometric method 23 samples of mineral and thermal waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina were analyzed. Activity concentrations of the investigated radionuclides were in the range 12–346 mBq·L−1 for 40K, 1.1–791 mBq·L−1 for 226Ra, 0.2–221 mBq·L−1 for 228Ra, 13–367 mBq·L−1 for 238U, and 0.6–17 mBq·L−1 for 235U. For all investigated radionuclides annual effective dose was estimated. The estimated total annual committed effective dose received by population as a result of ingestion of water was in the range 0.11–2.51 μSv·y−1 for thermal water and in the range 0.11–38.8 μSv·y−1 for mineral water. Measurement of activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the examined samples was carried out with a gamma-spectrometer with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector, having a relative efficiency of 70%.

8

Natural radioactivity in virgin soils and soils from some areas with closed uranium mining facilities in Bulgaria

75%

Yordanova I. I. , Banov M. D. , Misheva L. G. , Staneva D. N. , Bineva T. K.

Open Chemistry

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2015

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tom 13

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nr 1

EN

The natural radionuclide (238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 40K) contents in soil were determined for three different regions of Bulgaria using high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometric analysis. A comparison of the dynamics of their behavior throughout the years was performed. Bulgaria is a country with intensive uranium mining activities. That is why radiological monitoring of closed uranium mining facilities in different regions of the country are obligatory and of great interest. This work presents results from such investigations made in regions where remediation was necessary. The results have been evaluated according to Bulgarian radionuclide environment contamination legislation.

9

Maria Sklodowska-Curie, her life and work - the 150 anniversary of her birthday

75%

Dobrzynska M. M.

Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny

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2017

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tom 68

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nr 3

EN

Maria Skłodowska was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw (Poland). Her parents were teachers. Maria’s mother has died in 1878 of tuberculosis. In 1893 and 1894, respectively, Maria was awarded master’s degrees in physics and in mathematics from the Sorbonne University. In 1895 Maria married Pierre Curie. In 1897 their daughter Irene was born. Maria investigated rays emitted by uranium salts. She hypothesized that the radiation come from atom and called this phenomenon “radioactivity”. In 1898, Maria and Pierre discovered new radioactive elements polonium and radium. In 1902 she isolated pure radium chloride and defined radium atomic mass. In June 1903, Maria supervised by Professor Lippmann was awarded her doctorate in physics from the Sorbonne University of Paris after presentation of the thesis “Investigation of radioactive bodies”. In December 1903, Maria was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, along with her husband Pierre and Henri Becquerel, for their work on radioactivity. In 1904, the daughter Eve was born. On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident in Paris. In 1910 Maria isolated radium as a pure metal. She also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions (curie), published her fundamental results on radioactivity and textbook of radiology. She also defined the international pattern of radium. In 1911, she won her second Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry, for her discovery of radium and polonium. In 1914 she was appointed director in the Radium Institute in Paris. During World War I, Maria became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France’s first military radiology centre. In May 1932 she has attended the official opening ceremony of the Radium Institute in Warsaw. On 4 July 1934, Maria Skłodowska-Curie has died aged 66 years in Sancellemoz sanatorium (France) of aplastic anemia.

PL

Maria Skłodowska urodziła się 7 listopada 1867 r. w Warszawie (Polska). Jej rodzice byli nauczycielami. Matka Marii zmarła na gruźlicę w 1878 r. W latach 1893-1894 Maria uzyskała magisteria z fizyki i matematyki na uniwersytecie Sorbona w Paryżu. W 1895 r. poślubiła Piotra Curie, a w 1897 r. urodziła się ich córka Irena. Maria badała promieniowanie emitowane przez sole uranowe. Postawiła hipotezę, że promieniowanie pochodzi z atomu i nazwała to zjawisko radioaktywnością. W 1898 r., Maria i Piotr odkryli nowe pierwiastki promieniotwórcze polon i rad. W 1902 r. Maria wyizolowała czysty chlorek radu i określiła masę atomową radu. W czerwcu 1903 r. Maria obroniła na Uniwersytecie Sorbona pracę doktorską w dziedzinie fizyki pt. “Badania ciał radioaktywnych”, której promotorem był Profesor Lippmann. W grudniu 1903 r. wraz z mężem Piotrem Curie i Henri Becquerelem uzyskała Nagrodę Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki za prace nad radioaktywnością. W 1904 r. urodziła córkę Ewę. W kwietniu 1906r., Piotr Curie zginął tragicznie w wypadku drogowym w Paryżu. W 1910 r. Maria wyizolowała metaliczny rad, zdefiniowała międzynarodową jednostkę aktywności promieniotwórczej (curie), opublikowała najważniejsze wyniki prac nad radioaktywnością oraz podręcznik radiologii. Zdefiniowała także międzynarodowy wzorzec radu. W 1911 r., otrzymała drugą Nagrodę Nobla, tym razem w dziedzinie chemii, za odkrycie polonu i radu. W 1914 została powołana na stanowisko dyrektora w Instytucie Radowym w Paryżu. Podczas I wojny światowej, kierowała sekcją Radiologiczną Czerwonego Krzyża oraz utworzyła we Francji pierwsze wojskowe centrum radiologiczne. W maju 1932 r. wzięła udział w ceremonii otwarcia Instytutu Radowego w Warszawie. Maria Skłodowska-Curie zmarła w wieku 66 lat 4 lipca 1934r. w sanatorium Sancellemoz (Francja) z powodu anemii aplastycznej.

10

A novel fast method for radium determination in low radioactive aqueous solutions by radon emanation from radium adsorbent

75%

Kordyasz A. J. , Bilewicz A.

Nukleonika

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1998

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tom Vol. 43, nr 4

489-498

EN

The method for fast measurement of (sup 226)Ra in low radioactive aqueous solutions by adsorption of radium on α-crystalline manganese dioxide and registration of α-particles from emanated (sup 222)Rn and its daughters has been elaborated. A large-area (64 cm2) silicon detector was used for a-particles registration. The method was tested using manganese dioxide samples with adsorbed (sup 226)Ra of radioactivity: 0.5 Bq, 1 Bq, 2 Bq, 10 Bq and 50 Bq, measured from 1 to 42 h. The time for chemical preparation of the sample and measurement was not greater than 6 h.

PL

Opracowano metodę szybkiego oznaczania (sup 226)Ra w niskoaktywnych roztworach wodnych poprzez sorpcję radu na α-krystalicznym dwutlenku manganu i rejestrację cząstek α z wyemanowanego radonu oraz produktów jego rozpadu. Metodę przetestowano stosując próbki dwutlenku manganu z zaadsorbowanym (sup 226)Ra o aktywnościach: 0.5 Bq, 1 Bq, 2 Bq, 10 Bq i 50 Bq, mierzone od 1 do 42 h. Czas potrzebny na przygotowanie próbki i pomiar nie przekracza 6 h.

11

On the discovery of polonium and radium

75%

Mioduski T.

Nukleonika

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1998

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tom Vol. 43, nr 1

15-22

EN

This is an occasional article on circumstances and consequences of the discovery of polonium and radium by Maria Sklodowska Curie and Pierre Curie one hundred years ago.

PL

Niniejsza praca jest artykułem okolicznościowym nt. warunków i konsekwencji odkrycia polonu i radu przez Marię Skłodowską-Curie i Piotra Curie sto lat temu.

12

Wpływ stopni wodnych na stężenie izotopu radu 226Ra w Wiśle

75%

Pociask-Karteczka J. , Jasińska M. , Mietelski J. W.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2001

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tom Nr 5

206-209

PL

Przedstawione w artykule badania dotyczą okresu maj-lipiec 1999 r. Próby wody były pobierane z Wisły powyżej i poniżej kaskady składającej się z trzech stopni wodnych. Uzyskane wyniki pomiarów nie dają jednoznacznej podstawy do stwierdzenia wpływu kaskady na stężenie 226Ra w wodzie i zawiesinie.

EN

The presented in the paper inbestigation concern the period May-July 1999. The samples of water were taken from the Vistula at the points situated upstream and downstream of the cascade consisting of three stages of fall. The results od measurements do not give basis for conclusion that the cascade has any distinct impact on the concentration of the 226Ra in water and sediments.

13

Concentrations of Natural Radionuclides (40K, 226Ra, 232Th) at the Potash Salts Deposit

75%

Menshikova E. , Perevoshchikov R. , Belkin P. , Blinov S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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tom Vol. 22, nr 3

179--187

EN

Specific activity of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K was measured by gamma spectrometry in samples of soil and bottom sediments of rivers on the territory of potassium salt deposit development in order to collect information on radionuclide distribution. According to the results of examinations, the range of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity values in soils and bottom sediments of the territory of influence was <2.17–19.7 Bq/kg, <2.5–20.5 Bq/kg, 123–500 Bq/kg. Migration of the studied radionuclides is limited to 2 km zone. The results obtained provide useful information on the levels of naturally occurring radionuclides in the zone of influence of mining objects and are of interest for a comparative evaluation of the impact of salt mining on the radiation environment of the territory.

14

Laboratoria Pani Curie

75%

Rafalska-Łasocha A.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2011

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tom R. 16, nr 3

36-40

15

Chemia analityczna w pracach Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie

75%

Hulanicki A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 1

9- 22

EN

Maria Skłodowska-Curie – a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry – the elements of learning of chemistry gained just by a dint of work of more than ten months in Warsaw in the Institute of Industry and Agriculture Museum. The Nobel Prize concerned a contribution to the progress of chemistry through the discovery of radium and polonium, separation of radium and study of properties of this amazing element. It was awarded for an extremely arduous work, during which the chemical reactions being the principles of analytical chemistry were realized. Unlike to a typical analytical procedure, an initial attempt here was the thousands of kilograms of uranium ore: pitchblende. The final effect was small amounts of new elements: polonium and radium. Both the knowledge and the intuition of the researcher let her have a triumph. The difficulties she experienced because the properties of the searched chemical elements could only be evaluated thanks to the knowledge on other chemical elements. A significant achievement was the determination of the samples by means of radioactivity measurement, which gave rise to radiochemical analytical methods. An extreme analytical precision was demanded in multiple processes of fractional crystallization and precipitation which finally led to the calculation of the atomic mass of radium

16

Levels of natural radioactivity in mineral and thermal waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina

75%

Kasić A. , Adrović F. , Kasumović A. , Hankić E.

Nukleonika

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2015

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tom Vol. 60, No. 3, part 1

503--508

EN

With gamma spectrometric method 23 samples of mineral and thermal waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina were analyzed. Activity concentrations of the investigated radionuclides were in the range 12–346 mBq·L-1 for 40K, 1.1–791 mBq·L-1 for 226Ra, 0.2–221 mBq·L-1 for 228Ra, 13–367 mBq·L-1 for 238U, and 0.6–17 mBq·L-1 for 235U. For all investigated radionuclides annual effective dose was estimated. The estimated total annual committed effective dose received by population as a result of ingestion of water was in the range 0.11–2.51 μSv·y-1 for thermal water and in the range 0.11–38.8 μSv·y-1 for mineral water. Measurement of activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in the examined samples was carried out with a gamma-spectrometer with high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector, having a relative efficiency of 70%.

17

Emisja radonu w obszarze zakładów górniczo-hutniczych "Bolesław" S.A

75%

Wysocka M. , Zych A. , Skowronek J. , Pajor G.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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tom Vol. 53, nr 2

133--136

EN

Exploitation of the mineral resources and accumulation of the postexploitation wastes may in some cases increase the radiological hard for the inhabitants of the mining regions, as well as for the environment. Radon emission levels in the area of lead and zinc ores exploitation have been measured. Additional measure-ments were performed in the areas not affected by human activity, at the outcrops of Triassic rocks. The radon emis-sions do not exceed average values measured in undisturbed areas. Moreover, results obtained at the sites where waste storage sites are lower than those from ”normal“ areas.

18

Radowa gorączka

63%

Pospieszny T. , Wajs-Baryła E. , Nowak I.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

|

2024

|

tom [Z] 78, 1-2

71--100

EN

When Marie Skłodowska-Curie began research on the radiation of uranium compounds discovered by Henri Becquerel, she uncovered two new chemical elements, sparking a revolution in atomic science. From the very beginning, radium was hailed as a miraculous element; itssalts emitted heat, colored porcelain and glass, and emitted a unique glow. Radium quickly found applications in medicine, where it was not only used to treat diseases but also employed in „mild radium therapy” for preventive purposes. Radium, however, possessed not only healing properties but also purported to have the ability to beautify, rejuvenate, prevent, and captivate. A global „radium fever” ensued, leading to the addition of radioactive salts to almost all everyday products. The stories of the „radium girls” and golfer Eben Byers, however, cast a shadow over the fame of radium.

19

Interlaboratory comparison of the determination of (sup 226)Ra and (sup 228)Ra in samples simulating coal mine water

63%

Narbutt J. , Fuks L.

Nukleonika

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1998

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tom Vol. 43, nr 4

469-480

EN

The aim of the experiment organized by the National Atomic Energy Agency of Poland, was to carry out an interlaboratory comparison on the determination of long-lived radium isotopes in waste waters from Polish coal mines. It was expected that the experiment would allow to evaluate the proficiency of the national participants, and to eliminate possible errors in their work. 9 participating laboratories have determined the concentrations of (sup 226)Ra and (sup 228)Ra (or only (sup 226)Ra) in 6 synthetic samples containing from 0 to 300 Bq dm(sup -3) of each isotope. The results have been evaluated according to recent recommendations of IUPAC, ISO and AOAC. It is concluded that a significant majority of the results meet the proficiency criterium at the selected target accuracy. In some cases small systematic errors appear. Only a few laboratories meet more rigorous proficiency criterium. Analytical methods used for radium determination have also been evaluated.

PL

Celem eksperymentu, wykonanego na zlecenie Państwowej Agencji Atomistyki, było porównanie wyników oznaczeń stężeń długożyciowych izotopów radu w zasolonych wodach odpadowych z polskich kopalni węgla przez krajowe laboratoria radiometryczne. Oczekiwano, że eksperyment umożliwi ocenę jakości pracy poszczególnych zespołów i przyczyni się do wyeliminowania ewentualnych błędów. W międzylaboratoryjnym eksperymencie porównawczym wzięło udział 9 laboratoriów, które oznaczyły stężenia (sup 226)Ra i (sup 228)Ra (niektóre tylko (sup 226)Ra) w 6 modelowych próbkach zawierających od O do 300 Bą dm(sup -3) każdego izotopu. W pracy dokonano oceny wyników eksperymentu zgodnie z nowymi zaleceniami lUPAC, ISO i AOAC. Stwierdzono, że znaczna większość nadesłanych wyników spełnia kryterium założonego poziomu wymagań. W kilku przypadkach stwierdzono wystąpienie niewielkich błędów systematycznych. Tylko niektóre laboratoria spełniają dwukrotnie ostrzejsze kryterium. Dokonano również oceny porównawczej stosowanych metod analitycznych.

20

Leachability of radionuclides from fly ash and phosphogypsum

63%

Bojanowski R. , Piękoś R. , Pasławska S.

Nukleonika

|

1998

|

tom Vol. 43, nr 4

505-520

EN

Among industrial wastes containing radioactive elements, excluding those generated by nuclear technology, of particular concern are fly ashes originating from coal-fired thermalelectric power stations, and phosphogypsum. Both wastes are produced in amounts of the order of a few million tons in a year, thus posing serious problems with their utilization and/or safe disposal. Lanfilling of these materials within large urban areas may be hazardous to residents by way of ingestion, consumption of foods from contaminated areas and drinking water containing toxic elements. This contribution presents results of investigations on the behaviour of uranium, radium and polonium in fly ash under the influence of a variety of extractants as well as the impact of a phosphogypsum dump, located at Wiślinka, on the environment. It has been found that both alkaline and neutral solutions leach out less than one per cent of the nuclides, whereas under the action of acid solutions (0.1-1 M HCl), as much as 12% of radium and 31% of uranium are released. Under the influence of atmospheric precipitation, phosphogypsum has been found to produce solutions of mass radioactivities ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 Bq/l. The Ra-226 levels in groundwater supplies surrounding the dump site are by 2-3 orders of magnitude lower and do not reach a limiting value of 0.1 Bq/l recommended by the WHO guidelines for drinking water.

PL

Spośród przemysłowych odpadów zawierających pierwiastki promieniotwórcze, a nie związanych z technologią jądrową, na szczególną uwagę zasługują popioły pozostające po spaleniu węgla i fosfogipsy. Oba produkty są wytwarzane w ilościach rzędu milionów ton rocznie, co stwarza problemy z ich utylizacją i bezpiecznym zagospodarowaniem. Składowanie ich na hałdach w obrębie dużych aglomeracji miejskich powoduje potencjalne potencjalne zagrożenie dla zdrowia mieszkańców poprzez inhalację, spożywanie żywności z obszarów skażonych i picie wody zawierającej toksyczne składniki. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad zachowaniem się uranu, radu i polonu w popiołach lotnych poddanych działaniu różnych ekstrahentów oraz nad oddziaływaniem hałdy fosfogipsów w Wiślince na otoczenie. Stwierdzono, że alkaliczne i obojętne roztwory uwalniają z popiołów lotnych zaledwie ułamki procenta wymienionych radiopierwiastków, natomiast roztwory kwaśne (0,1-1 m HCI) rozpuszczają do 12% radu i do 31 % uranu. Oddziaływanie wód opadowych na fosfogipsy prowadzi do powstawania roztworów o stężeniach w granicach 0,3-1,8 Bq/dm3. Poziomy stężeń Ra-226 w wodach z okolicznych ujęć są o 2-3 rzędy wielkości niższe i nie osiągają granicznej wartości 0,1 Bq/dm3 zalecanej przez WHO dla wód pitnych.