Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Malcolm X: Rasismus, islám, politika a násilí

100%

Černý K.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2016

|

tom 1

111-137

EN

The paper discusses ever changing life, attitudes, rhetorics and identities of one of the most influential and controversial Afro-American leaders of the second half of the 20th century, Malxolm X. It claims that the most important, however not single, determinant of his life experience had been American racism, namely segregation in the South and especially discrimination in the North. The paper than focuses on changing adaptation strategies toward the racism, especially in terms of attitudes toward religion, politics and violence. It uses R. K. Merton theory of adaptation (anomie) to contrast the various life stages of Malcolm X that are characteristic with radical discontinuities and as such create very flexible, however dramatic, life course of Malcolm X that is in this respect significantly different from the other Afro-American leaders of the 20th century.

2

Hate Symbols and hand Gestures on Polish Stadiums

100%

Jurczak J.

|

2010

|

tom 2(2)

59-72

EN

To give a general view on the importance of the problem of football hooliganism, is essential to analyse all the aspect of it, such as criminological, psychological, sociological, as well as preventive one. Unfortunately nowadays one of the most noticeable problems relating to the safety and security of the football game are incidents of racist nature and other extreme behaviour, as well as specific activity of many different hate groups. That is why the main purpose of this article is to analyse the problem of using forbidden symbols, logos and gestures on polish stadiums The main part of this article contains a large amount of information, both graphic and written, about the most popular symbols and hand signs which are used by Neo-Nazist, racist, skinheads and other hate groups in Poland. The results of the research are based on author's observation, which consist of 60 photos taken since 2001 to 2009 on polish stadiums by 'NEVER AGAIN' Association. It is very important for football community and law enforcement agencies to recognize these symbols and what they mean. Through knowledge of hate symbols, police officers may be able to identify hate group members, also to identify individuals who are involved in racist and anti-Semitic incidents.Also please note that the article expresses only personal views of the author.

3

Dva soudobé koncepty rasismu ve Spojených státech amerických: Laissez-faire rasismus a koncept privilegia bílých

100%

Imríšková R.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

|

2014

|

tom 1

101-117

EN

The current article introduces the issue of race and racism in the United States of America with focus on two specific contemporary concepts that have a big attention and have formed the discussion in the last years. The first one is laissez-faire racism from Lawrence D. Bobo who stresses the reluctance of government and political parties to engage in racial questions. The second one is concept of white privilege of Peggy McIntosh who points at advantages and privileges of white race. Both concepts attempt to raise awareness about still present racial discrimination in the United States of America, although in the last years this topic has begun to be perceived as clichet and for some the problem is considered to be solved.

4

Huumoripoleemikad ja uurijaeetika

88%

Liisi L.

Mäetagused

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2014

|

tom 58

107-124

EN

The link between jokes and social reality is visible in the way that jokes adapt to different socio-political contexts by dealing with the most salient issues of such contexts. This article casts light on another facet of the relationship of jokes and their social context. Ideas about jokes are influenced by their social context, being continuously reformulated by social change or political manipulation. The case study, brought to illustrate the point further, analyses media discourses that address the issues of and relationships between taste and sense of humour, mostly focusing on the reception of ethnic jokes. The different standpoints visible in the media, both in official and unofficial discourse, reflect ideas about the content and functions of jokelore, characterising jokes either as an essentially racist or as a funny (i.e., harmless) genre.

5

„Niewolnicy świętego Mikołaja”. Eskalacja debaty społecznej wokół holenderskiej tradycji

88%

Kargól M.

Adeptus

|

2014

|

nr 3

1-18

EN

This paper examines the public debate about Dutch tradition of Sinterklaas (Saint-Nicolas) and particularly the character of Zwarte Piet, the black-faced helper. His apparent racist nature has been subject of debate in Dutch media for years. However, in 2013 the debate escalated and provoked social conflicts and verbal aggression. The paper gives some explanations why this happened. The case of Zwarte Piet is noteworthy because it shows that Dutch society, well-known for being tolerant and open-minded, is not entirely free of ethnic and national tensions. This Old Dutch tradition that had been shaped in the times of colonialism and slavery, has become a hot issue in todays’ multicultural society. The paper includes considerations concerning the emergence of social conflicts and the meaning of postmodern national and ethnic identity. Additionally, it discusses the role of social media in fuelling the debate. Conclusions are based on analysis of social media content (television, Internet) and publications in the Dutch press from October to December 2013.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy debaty społecznej toczącej się wokół holenderskiej tradycji Sinterklaasa (świętego Mikołaja), a szczególnie wokół postaci Zwarte Piet – pomocnika z uszminkowaną na czarno twarzą. Jego wyraźnie negroidalny wygląd rodzi oskarżenia o rasizm i dlatego od wielu już lat wywołuje dyskusje w holenderskich mediach. W roku 2013 miała miejsce szczególnie ostra dyskusja, która prowadziła do konfliktów oraz agresji słownej. W artykule podjęto próbę wyjaśnienia przyczyny tej sytuacji. Problem postaci Zwarte Piet jest godny uwagi, ponieważ pokazuje, że społeczeństwo holenderskie, uchodzące za tolerancyjne i otwarte, nie jest całkowicie wolne od napięć o charakterze etnicznym i narodowym. Dawna holenderska tradycja, która ukształtowała się w czasach kolonializmu i niewolnictwa, stała się poważnym problemem we współczesnym wielokulturowym społeczeństwie. Artykuł zawiera rozważania na temat powstawania konfliktów społecznych oraz nowoczesnej świadomości etnicznej i narodowej. Ponadto porusza zagadnienie roli mediów w zaostrzaniu dyskusji i towarzyszącej jej agresji. Wnioski zostały oparte o analizę treści medialnych (telewizja, internet) oraz artykułów prasowych, które pojawiały się od października do grudnia 2013 roku.

6

Sport a społeczeństwo: kapitał społeczny i kulturowy – wybrane zagadnienia

88%

Lukiewicz W.

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nr 1

97-106

EN

Modern sport in system of social relations of a society which has an exclusive place. It is connected with a number of specific functions which are inherent in it. Formally sports are focused on humanistic values, however, practice of human activity in this sphere quite often shows absolutely other approaches. The society as a whole tolerant enough to accept various deviations in sports which are based on violence, racism, xenophobia, religious intolerance. Formation of the human capital with necessity includes similar tendencies, that , finally, leads to unpredictable consequences. Sport substantially influences process of change of the essence of the human and cultural capital. Negative results of sports activity in many cases create danger in relations between representatives of different nationalities. Sports causes from time social pressure, raises negative emotions and inspires deviant behavior. The biggest sports competitions practically always are connected with the raised risk of social confrontation.

7

GDY MNIEJSZOŚĆ STAJE SIĘ WIĘKSZOŚCIĄ. PARTIE O CHARAKTERZE ANTYIMIGRANCKIM I ICH ROLA W SYSTEMACH POLITYCZNYCH WYBRANYCH KRAJÓW EUROPY ZACHODNIEJ

88%

Kalinowska-Schneider K.

|

2018

|

nr 1

85-104

EN

The article attempts to define the role of anti-immigrant parties in the political systems of countries in Western Europe, such as: The Great Britain, Germany and France. The author tries to answer the question, whether the far-right parties are a serious threat to democracy and governance. For this purpose, the author conducted an analysis of party programs, promoted ideas and rhetoric used by members of radical groups as: The British National Party (BNP), Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) and The Front National (FN) in comparision with the policy of the ruling parties. Likewise the author tried to show some reasons of anti-immigrant extreme – right occurring in Western Europe and the scale of the problem that is the expansion of anti-immigrant groups. He stressed the need to break with the passivity against extreme – right and the need to take action against its activity.

8

Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and Policies

88%

Llopis-Goig R.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2009

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tom 47

|

nr 1

35-43

EN

Contrary to what is sometimes supposed, racism is not a phenomenon of the past. In fact, it is one of the major challenges of the present and future in Europe and Spain. Besides providing an incomparable sense of belonging, football stadiums are also an excellent platform to express racist and xenophobic attitudes and behaviours. In Spain, for years many players have suffered abuse and insults, although it is black and ethnic minority players who receive the most harassment. Thus, the problem of racism has increased recently in Spanish football, as shown by the emission of monkey noises toward black players and the use of racist slogans and symbols in the stadiums.This paper analyses the forms of racism and xenophobia in Spanish football, as well as the actions promoted and carried out by various institutions and agents to prevent and reduce these types of behaviour. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution based on figures and reflections on the types of racism and xenophobia in the world of football in Spain. The article is divided into three major parts. The first reviews some concepts of the scientific study of racism and xenophobia, placing them in the context of Spanish football. The second contains an overview of racism in European football and describes the situation in Spain, providing some empirical data about its incidence in recent years. The third and final section presents a classification and analysis of different antiracist reactions, actions and initiatives carried out recently in Spain with the aim of combating racism in Spanish football.

9

An Anthropologist and Children in a Street War with Social Exclusion : Confessions from Fieldwork

75%

Tumanowicz L.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

|

2017

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tom 104

|

nr 3

361-382

EN

The author discusses the issue of social exclusion from an anthropological point of view, incorporating into it elements of both feminist and biomedical discourse. She argues for the universal vulnerability of every human body as well as for the universality of certain features and mechanisms of social exclusion entwined within the experience of trauma. Drawing on the concept of ‘misfitting’ borrowed from the feminist theory of vulnerability, she explores trajectories of socially excluded bodies caught up in a vicious circle of violence. In her view, the only valid way to break this circle is to evoke empathy in human beings by means of a visceral rather than intellectual approach. “Embodied cognition” as a means of fighting social exclusion is a case in point of this approach. The arguments presented in the paper are based on the author’s fieldwork experiences among street children in Tanzania, which have inextricably intermingled with her own lifespan trajectory. Keywords social exclusion, misfitting, everyday trauma, embodied cognition, racism, empathy.

10

Płeć, rasa, seksualność w kolonialnych ekonomiach władzy

75%

Bobako M.

Nowa Krytyka

|

2011

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nr 26-27

83-112

EN

This paper focuses on the issue of the gendered character of colonial domination and the role of the intersection of gender and race hierarchies in the structuring of colonial power. The author claims that these hierarchies not only intersected but also participated in constituting each other. The paper shows the multiple implications of this constitutive intertwining ranging from the impossibility of creating unitary subjects of anti-colonial, anti-racist or anti-patriarchal struggle to the cynical instrumentalisation of women’s rights by colonial and neocolonial discourses carried out for the sake of asserting the race difference (on which those discourses invariably depend). Discussing the gendered character of colonial and neocolonial encounters, the author points out that both colonial domination and anti-colonial resistance is often articulated in a gender idiom of asserting or regaining one’s masculinity. The issue of the instrumentalisation of women’s rights is illustrated by the example of contemporary anti-Islamic discourse, especially the headscarf controversy, that uses the status of women to assert the racialised inferiority of Muslims. The author points out that one of the contemporary consequences of the intertwining of race and gender hierarchies is that we are confronted with the false alternative of choosing between fighting against racism or fighting against gender subordination. The author concludes that it is only by transgressing this false alternative that we can start to dismantle both gender and race hierarchies.

11

The role of anthropology in developing the “culture concept” in public discourse

75%

Chaudhuri-Brill S.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

|

2016

|

tom 103

|

nr 3

323-346

EN

A concept of “culture” lies at the heart of much anthropological theory and is also central to public discourses regarding the identity and social integration of migrants, immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers and other cultural ‘Others’ who seek a place in contemporary European societies. This paper interrogates these discourses, exemplifi ed through discussions about the integration of Romanian Roma migrants in France today, and suggests that popular ideas about culture do not correspond to the relativist and historically contingent stance adopted by most anthropologists. Instead, discriminatory positions toward minority groups are sometimes justifi ed using an outdated cultural evolutionary model; attempts to challenge this model, however, may result in the perpetuation of this same ‘primitive’/’civilized’ distinction. The paper also discusses how anthropological perspectives on culture are viewed with suspicion by researchers in the activist community and by some scholars in other disciplines. The paper poses the question, therefore, of how contemporary anthropological thinking about culture can contribute to these different discourses, and suggests ways in which anthropologists working both inside and outside of the academy can make their ideas about culture more accessible and relevant to public and other scholarly perspectives.

12

Úloha antropologie v rozvíjení „konceptu kultury“ ve veřejném diskurzu

75%

Chaudhuri-Brill S.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

|

2016

|

tom 103

|

nr 3

347-370

EN

A concept of “culture” lies at the heart of much anthropological theory and is also central to public discourses regarding the identity and social integration of migrants, immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers and other cultural ‘Others’ who seek a place in contemporary European societies. This paper interrogates these discourses, exemplifi ed through discussions about the integration of Romanian Roma migrants in France today, and suggests that popular ideas about culture do not correspond to the relativist and historically contingent stance adopted by most anthropologists. Instead, discriminatory positions toward minority groups are sometimes justifi ed using an outdated cultural evolutionary model; attempts to challenge this model, however, may result in the perpetuation of this same ‘primitive’/’civilized’ distinction. The paper also discusses how anthropological perspectives on culture are viewed with suspicion by researchers in the activist community and by some scholars in other disciplines. The paper poses the question, therefore, of how contemporary anthropological thinking about culture can contribute to these different discourses, and suggests ways in which anthropologists working both inside and outside of the academy can make their ideas about culture more accessible and relevant to public and other scholarly perspectives.

13

Postawy ksenofobiczne wśród studentów wybranych kierunków studiów Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego

75%

Gawron M.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

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2016

|

nr 1

133-148

EN

The following article is an attempt to present the phenomenon of xenophobia, on the one hand, as an aversion to everything what is foreign, on the other, as a specific way of feeling which in some sense is a behaviour understood for every man. In this paper, other phenomena similar to xenophobia such as racism or discrimination which have a lot of shared areas with xenophobia as well as their most important mechanisms, were also described. Moreover, the issue concerning community was raised without which xenophobia could not actually occur. The article also includes the chosen examples showing signs of xenophobia, on Polish as well as foreign ground, concerning the latest events related to immigrants and refugees which we can see the most frequently in the media and web portals. The aim of this work was to compare particular fields of study: Security Studies, Management and Psychology in terms of intensity of xenophobic attitude, using self-designed questionnaire consisting of 21 statements in total. According to predictions, it turned out that Security Studies students indicate the strongest xenophobic attitudes in all three aspects: ethnic, religious and homosexual, while Psychology students the weakest. However, Management students were placed each time between Security Studies and Psychology students. Most probably the field of study is linked with the intensity of xenophobic attitude. Security Studies students will more often pay attention to something what is strange, untypical as well as threatening in surroundings in order to minimize the possible danger. Psychology students learn the acceptance conduct, not to judge on the basis of fragmentary information which very often requires devoting time and other sources. Security Studies students often cannot afford to do this.

14

Právní institut tzv. říšskoněmeckého občanství v expanzivní a rasistické politice nacistického Německa v letech 1935‒1945

75%

Emmert F.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2014

|

tom 22

|

nr 2

141-153

EN

From the outset, it was clear what the Nazi movement stood for, as most of its ideas and political aims had been promulgated quite openly and plainly. Pure aggression was among the characteristic features of Nazism. Nazi ideology, based on the feeling of exceptionality, emerged from anti-Semitism and extreme nationalism. Only individuals of German blood – for whom the term Volksgenossen (fellow countrymen) was coined ‒ were considered “members of the nation“. Jews, on the other hand, were deemed to be parasites and the archenemy of Germany. Everything was to be given a “legal frameework“. A decision was soon taken to issue two new laws – the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour. The Reich Citizenship Law stipulated that only individuals of “German or kindred blood“ may be Reich citizens. During the Nazi occupation, German citizenship filtered into what is today the Czech Republic. Under the German legal norms of the time, individuals of German origin acquired the Reich citizenship.

15

The problem of racism in Kathryn Stockett’s novel The Help

75%

Szulkowska A.

|

tom 16

EN

This article analyzes Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009) with the main focus on the presentation of the ubiquitous problem of racism experienced by African Americans in the United States. Specifically, it demonstrates shameful, humiliating and unbearable living conditions of black maids in the 1960s in Jackson, Mississippi. It discusses different types of racism, such as overt, institutional, and structural, which occur in this community. Additionally, this paper provides an overview of the history of racism in the USA. The purpose of this article is to examine the history of interracial relationships in the USA, which sheds light on the problem of white supremacy, as well as demonstrates the damaging consequences of racial prejudice. However, the main objective of the paper is to analyse the relationships between white and black characters inhabiting Jackson, Mississippi as depicted in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help.

16

Wpływ unormowań międzynarodowych na kształt prawnej ochrony przed dyskryminacją ze względu na rasę w Polsce

63%

Michałowska E.

Tematy z Szewskiej

|

2014

|

nr Rasa 4(14)/2014

21-32

PL

W treści artykułu skoncentrowano uwagę na regulacjach prawa międzynarodowego, stanowiących narzędzie walki z przejawami dyskryminacji rasowej i określeniu ich oddziaływania na polskie unormowania. Scharakteryzowano pierwsze zapisy antydyskryminacyjne, opisano najbardziej znaczące w omawianym zakresie normy międzynarodowoprawne, przedstawiono także definicję legalną pojęcia „dyskryminacja rasowa” oraz podniesiono kwestię wpływu wybranych działań legislacyjnych i faktycznych w sferze międzynarodowoprawnej na unormowanie tej materii w polskim ustawodawstwie. Ponadto, na podstawie analizy raportów organów monitorujących stan ochrony prawnej oraz dokonujących oceny efektywności istniejących w przedmiotowym zakresie regulacji krajowych, podjęto próbę sformułowania postulatów de lege ferenda w zakresie ochrony przed dyskryminacją ze względu na rasę w Polsce.

EN

The objective of this paper is to describe international legal regulations designed to combat symptoms of racial discrimination and to show its influence on Polish legal standards. The author depicts the background of the problem, identifies legal definition of the term racial discrimination and describes law as it stands. Significant regulations taken into account refer to general rules and limitations of international law in the field of racial discrimination and its effect on Polish legal system. Moreover, the author tries to formulate demands of law de lege ferenda on the base of the newest reports on Poland published by international monitoring and controlling commissions.

17

Rasizm w koncepcjach środowisk politycznych w Polsce na przełomie XX i XXI wieku

63%

Strutyński M.

Tematy z Szewskiej

|

2014

|

nr Rasa 4(14)/2014

33-49

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie polskich środowisk politycznych funkcjonujących na przełomie XX i XX wieku, w których zasadach ideowych obecne są kwestie rasistowskie. Zwrócić należy uwagę na rozmaitość środowisk rasistowskich. Znajdują się wśród nich grupy skinheadów; poglądy rasistowskie obecne są także wśród części przedstawicieli polskiego neopogaństwa. Odrębną kwestią jest obecność w Polsce międzynarodowych organizacji rasistowskich (Blood&Honour, Kościół Twórcy).

EN

The article presents Polish political movements which spread racist ideas at the turn of the 21st century. The variety of racist groups is one point of interest, since it includes both skinheads and slavic neopagans. Another point is presence of international racist organizations (Blood&Honour, The World Church of the Creator) in Poland.

18

Rasa i religia. Trajektorie antysemityzmu i islamofobii

63%

Bobako M.

Tematy z Szewskiej

|

2014

|

nr Rasa 3(13)/2014

37-56

PL

Artykuł jest próbą powiązania analizy historycznych form antysemityzmu z refleksją nad współczesną islamofobią. Jego celem jest odpowiedź na pytanie o to, czy, i jeśli tak, to w jakim zakresie, mamy w przypadku dyskursów antyislamskich do czynienia z mechanizmami etnicyzowania i urasowienia różnicy religijnej, które znane są z historii europejskiego antysemityzmu. W tekście zaproponowane są kryteria, na podstawie których pewne formy dyskursów antyislamskich mogą być zaklasyfikowane jako rasizm. Tezą autorki jest, iż taka klasyfikacja wymaga sproblematyzowania zarówno nowoczesnego europejskiego pojęcia „religii”, jak i relacji między „religią” i „rasą” jako kategoriami przynależności. Wspomniana problematyzacja dokonana jest w tekście w oparciu o antyesencjalistycznie zorientowane teorie z obszaru antropologii religii.

EN

The following paper is an attempt at linking analysis of the historical forms of antisemitism with examination of the present day European Islamophobia. Its goal is to answer a following question: to what extent are the historically known mechanisms of etnicization and racialization of religious difference of European antisemitism also present in the anti-Islamic discourses? In the paper there is a proposal of criteria that might serve as a basis for classification of particular anti-Islamic discourses as racism. The author claims that such classification requires problematizing both modern European concept of religion as well as relations between religion and race as categories of belonging. In the paper this task is performed by reference to anti-essentialist theories from a field of anthropology of religion.

19

Colonial heritage in multi-ethnic societies: undercover racism in twenty-first-century Peru

63%

Escobedo L. , Uniwersytet Warszawski I. S. I. i. I.

|

tom 2

PL

Od początku XVI w. społeczeństwo Peru zostało poddane intensywnemu wymieszaniu pod względem etnicznym i kulturowym. Proces ten obejmował łączenie i godzenie różnorodności, jednakże odsłonił także liczne antagonizmy i konflikty, szczególnie widoczne pomiędzy regionami na Wybrzeżu (zwłaszcza w Limie) a Andami. Znacząca pozycja Limy jako ośrodka politycznego i ekonomicznego w okresie kolonialnym spowodowała faworyzowanie ludzi z Wybrzeża, kosztem mieszkańców Andów, głównie autochtonów. Ta dysproporcja utrzymywała się w czasach po odzyskaniu niepodleg- łości, pomimo że w obliczu nieobecności Hiszpanów, Kreole stali się klasą rządząca. Od początku XX w. ludność z Andów upatrywała szansę poprawy warunków życia dzięki migracji do miast lub na wybrzeże. Mimo że ludność napływowa z Andów oraz ich potomkowie zaczęli z czasem partycypować w sprawowaniu władzy, zyskując przy tym równy innym obywatelom status społeczny, nadal byli przedmiotem dyskryminacji rasowej. Razem z Peruwiańczykami o innym pochodzeniu, którzy byli w historii podobnie uznawani za obywateli niższej kategorii, jak np. afro-Peruwiańczycy, postrzegano i naznaczano ich jako przynależnych do nieoficjalnej kategorii nie-białych. I chociaż odbywało się to w skomplikowanej i ukrytej formie, społeczeństwo Peru przyznawało tej grupie niższą ocenę, a biali Peruwiańczycy byli oceniani wyżej. Czerpiąc z naukowych badań społecznych nad rasizmem, przeprowadzanych od lat 80. XX w., artykuł stanowi wyjaśnienie, jak rasizm funkcjonuje obecnie wśród Peruwiańczyków jako utajona forma dyskryminacji, oraz dlaczego i w jaki sposób ludzie o wyraźnie europejskich cechach są idealizowani, podczas gdy ci o mniej europejskich cechach są dyskredytowani.

EN

Since the beginning of the 16th century, Peruvian society has undergone an intense ethnic and cultural mixing. This process has involved fusion and diversity, whereby it has revealed a variety of antagonisms and conflict, especially found between the regions of the Coast – particularly, Lima – and the Andean Mountains. The importance of Lima as a political and economic center during the Colony, favored the people of the Coast over Andean people – predominantly indigenous. This disparity persisted after Independence, given that, in the absence of Spaniards, Creoles had become the ruling class. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, Andean people have found in migration towards urban and Coastal areas an opportunity to improve their living conditions. Yet, even if Andean migrants and their descendants continue to grow in power and status, they are still subject to racial discrimination. Together with Peruvians of other origins who have similarly accumulated disadvantages throughout history, such as afro-Peruvians, they are perceived and stigmatized as part of an unofficial category of non-whites. Though in a complex and undercover manner, Peruvian society has given this grouping poor valuation. On the contrary, white Peruvians have been highly valuated. Drawing upon social scientific research on racism since the late 1980s, the present paper aims at explaining why and how people of more predominant European features are rather idealized whereas the ones with less European features are rather denigrated, and how racism works covertly within the daily social relations among Peruvians today.

20

Echa kolonializmu – fenomen chemicznego wybielania się kobiet z tzw. Trzeciego Świata

63%

Zamęcka P.

Tematy z Szewskiej

|

2014

|

nr Rasa 4(14)/2014

50-63

PL

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniuchemicznego wybielania się kobiet w państwach „Trzeciego Świata” , którego popularność w skali globu zwiększa się z każdym rokiem. Rosnące zainteresowanie produktami do wybielania/ rozjaśniania skóry ma swoje źródło w idei przewagi białej rasy nad czarną, rozpoczętej wraz z erą kolonialną i nastaniem niewolnictwa, a współcześnie utrwalanej poprzez modę i kanony piękna lansowane przez zachodni przekaz medialny i transnarodowe korporacje. W celu weryfikacji powyższej hipotezy przeanalizowana zostanie sięgająca epoki kolonialnej ideologia białej supremacji oraz struktury dominacji nad nie-białą populacją niewolników. Następnie badaniu poddany będzie związek pomiędzy kolorem/odcieniem skóry, a pozycją w hierarchii społecznej współcześnie. Ostatnia część pracy poświęcona zostanie charakterystyce zachodniego dyskursu piękna eksportowanego do krajów tzw. Południa przez amerykańskie i europejskie media oraz strategie marketingowe korporacji o tym samym rodowodzie.

EN

The present paper deals with the phenomenon of chemical whitening of the women in the “Third World”. The growing interest in products for whitening / lightening skin is rooted in the idea of superiority of the white race over the black, which started with the colonial era and slavery. Today it is perpetuated through fashion and canons of beauty promoted by Western media and transnational corporations. In order to verify the aforementioned hypothesis, the ideology of white supremacy and dominance structure of the non-white population of slaves will be examined. The author will explain the link between the color/tone of the skin and the position in the social hierarchy, that is seen today. The last part of the article is dedicated to the analysis of the characteristics of the Western discourse of beauty exported to the “Global South” by American and European media and their corporate marketing strategies.