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EN
Urbanization of the environment contributes to the degradation of many natural habitats of many plants and animals, which causes reduction of biodiversity. There are however certain species, adapting easily to both suburban and urban conditions. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a good example, since it is increasingly noted not only in the natural habitats, such as fields or forests, but also in the direct vicinity of human residencies like farms, suburban areas or even large agglomerations. Fox is becoming a permanent feature of urban fauna, enriching the biodiversity. It is also a relevant epidemiological threat, constituting a zoonotic reservoir for many parasites which are important from veterinary, as well as from medical point of view, including tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis which causes alveolar echinococcosis.
EN
Roman Franciszek Henryk Nitsch was born on September 5, 1873 in Podchybie. In 1899, he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University. Until 1915, he worked as an assistant in the Department of Hygiene of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, cooperating with Prof. Odon Bujwid. In 1915 he was nominated as an associate professor of hygiene and bacteriology. In 1920, he was appointed full professor of bacteriology at the University of Warsaw. For the rest of his life, he was associated with the research center in Warsaw. He died on 29 March 1943. Roman Nitsch’s scientific activity, which mainly involved his research on vaccination against rabies, is a significant contribution to the development of Polish medical microbiology. The analysis of Roman Nitsch’s scientific achievements proves that he was a continuator of Ludwik Pasteur’s and Odon Bujwid’s - his predecessor and teacher - research thought, as well as the author of pioneering works that shed new light on the world of microbes, which was then only gradually being discovered.
EN
The thesis presents the analysis of the oral immunization effectiveness, taking cognizance of wild foxes. The preventive measures conducted 15 years ago have significantly contributed to the substantial decline in the number of verified cases of rabies among wild and domestic animals. Despite the fact, that aforementioned measures have been generating high costs covered by the state’s founds, they dramatically reduced the risk of epizootic danger, thus epidemiological risks. Undertaken actions also led to the dynamic growth of population of foxes, which resulted in a kind of disruption of natural ecological system concerning the ‘predator – prey’ relation, therefore they have indirectly contributed to the deepening of the already ongoing contraction of the basic small animals.
EN
Roman Franciszek Henryk Nitsch was born on September 5, 1873 in Podchybie. In 1899, he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University. Until 1915, he worked as an assistant in the Department of Hygiene of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, cooperating with Prof. Odon Bujwid. In 1915 he was nominated as an associate professor of hygiene and bacteriology. In 1920, he was appointed full professor of bacteriology at the University of Warsaw. For the rest of his life, he was associated with the research center in Warsaw. He died on 29 March 1943. Roman Nitsch’s scientific activity, which mainly involved his research on vaccination against rabies, is a significant contribution to the development of Polish medical microbiology. The analysis of Roman Nitsch’s scientific achievements proves that he was a continuator of Ludwik Pasteur’s and Odon Bujwid’s – his predecessor and teacher – research thought, as well as the author of pioneering works that shed new light on the world of microbes, which was then only gradually being discovered.
PL
Wścieklizna jest wciąż jedną z najbardziej niebezpiecznych chorób zakaźnych. Mając na uwadze możliwość przenoszenia jej ze zwierząt na ludzi, zanalizowano jej występowanie w krajach europejskich, szczególnie w Polsce i u jej sąsiadów. Analizę statystycznych danych odnośnie wymienionej choroby przeprowadzono na podstawie materiałów FAO, WHO i OIE. Rezultaty badań pokazały, że ostatnio w Europie najwięcej przypadków wścieklizny notowano w Niemczech, Austrii, Czechosłowacji i w Polsce. Okazało się, że w tych krajach najczęściej zarażonym dzikim zwierzęciem przez wirus wścieklizny jest lis, który stanowi źródło zarażenia dla zwierząt domowych i człowieka. Można też wnioskować, że doustne szczepienie lisów jest efektywnym, bezpiecznym, niedrogim i praktycznym sposobem opanowania wścieklizny u gatunków zwierząt narażonych na tę chorobę.
RU
Бешенство все еще является одной из самых опасных инфекционных болезней. Принимая во внимание, что эта болезнь может передаваться от животных человеку, провели анализ ее распространения в европейских странах, а особенно в Польше и в соседних странах. Анализ статистических данных по бешенству проводили на осно­вании материалов ФАО, ВОЗ и ОИЭ. Результаты исследований показывают, что за последнее время в Европе наиболь­шее число случаев заболевания бешенством было отмечено в Германии, Австрии, Чехословакии и Польше. Оказалось, что в этих странах среди диких животных чаще всего заражены лисицы, являющиеся источником заражения домашних животных и человека. Вакцинация лисиц является эффективным, безопасным, недорогим и пра­ктическим способом борьбы с распространением бешенства среди подверженных зара­жению видов животных.
EN
Rabies is still one from the most lethal of infectious diseases. Keeping in mind its character and also possibility of spread from animals to man, the pattern and prevalence of rabies in European countries, especially in Poland and its neighbouring countries, was discussed. Analysis of the statistical data relative to rabies was studied in the light of FAO, WHO and OIE materials. Results of Investigations showed that recently in Europe maximum numbers of cases of rabies are reported from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Studied facts indicated that in these countries the fox is the most frequently infected wild animal by rabies virus and is the major source of this infection for domestic animals and human beings. It could be also concluded that oral vaccina­tion of these animals is an effective, safe, inexpensive and practical way of con­trolling rabies of endangered species as well.
EN
The objective of this work was to determine nucleoprotein gene sequences and genetically characterise the rabies virus (RABV) isolates in order to know which virus group (biotype) is circulating in the raccoon dog population in Lithuania. For rabies virus phylogenetic characterisation, 16 RABV isolates from raccoon dogs were used. The isolates were selected according to different geographical location. A 400 bp region of the nucleoprotein gene was sequenced and analysed together with reference raccoon dog sequences of the RABV isolates from Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Poland, and other West European countries available in the GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates from different parts of Lithuania were closely related and belonged to RABV genotype 1 and showed significant bootstrap support inside North-Eastern Europe group of raccoon dog RABV. The phylogenetic relationships between Lithuanian raccoon dogs RABV isolates and those from neighbouring countries showed 97.7%- 99.5% identity. A close genetic relationship between the raccoon dog and fox rabies isolates from different regions of Lithuania (99.5%) was identified, suggesting that rabies viruses circulating in raccoon dogs and foxes in this region might have the same origin.
EN
The first European case of bat rabies was reported in 1954. Since then, more than 800 cases have been confirmed from 13 countries. The causative agents are European Bat Lyssavirus Type-1 (EBLV-1) and Type-2 (EBLV-2). The natural host of EBLV-1 seems to be the serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) with more than 95% of all cases reported in this species. Although much fewer EBLV-2 cases have been identified, it seems that Myotis dasycneme and M. daubentonii are likely to be the principal hosts' species for this virus. The ecological mechanisms underlying the transmission of EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 are still poorly understood. In order to assess the public health risks associated with EBLVs and the implications for bat conservation, some issues need urgent clarification. In this review some of the most pressing topics will be addressed. Only collaboration between a range of disciplines that include virologists, epidemiologists and bat conservationists will be able to elucidate some of these unanswered questions.
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