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2019
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tom 28
409-427
PL
The basic question I pose in this paper is the following: What language strategies are used by students who find it difficult to reproduce the content required during a secondary school final examination interviews? The text consists of four main parts. In the first part, on the basis of legal acts, I describe the formula of the new secondary school final examination in Polish, taking into account its purpose and course. In the second part, I focus my attention on one part of the oral exam – the final examinationinterview– seeing it as a species functioning in the educational discourse. The third part contains the results of the analysis of the questions asked to the students during the secondary school final examination interviews. In the last part of the paper, I describe two attitudes adopted by students in a situation when their knowledge is insufficient to be able to fully answer the questions asked. The first positive attitude is expressed through an uncertainty strategy or a ‘loud thinking’ strategy that supports recollection. On the other hand, the second attitude – negative – characterises those students who are unable to recreate knowledge and who, breaking the overriding principle of cooperation, resign from taking part in the conversation by refusing, i.e. by sending a message informing about breaking contact, or by silence. Finally, I postulate that during the examination, more often open questions should be asked, triggering higher level thinking, seeing this as an opportunity to bring the final exam closer to ‘real communication,’ serving as information and giving the student the opportunity both to demonstrate knowledge and, more importantly, the right to express their own judgments, reflections and views on the issues raised. Perhaps then they would not have to use strategies masking his ignorance.
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2020
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tom 90
105-117
EN
In his original phenomenology of law Adolf Reinach distinguishes among experiences the so-called “social acts”. These include acts directed towards other persons that require that the latter acknowledge the communicated contents and assume certain attitudes. Among these acts Reinach mentions there are promises, orders, requests and questions. He argues the promise is the special act that creates the a priori grounds of law. It is to be noted that Reinach’s phenomenology of law is of static character (in the Husserlian sense of the word) and therefore it shares all its advantages and disadvantages. In my paper I would like to draw attention to another social act, which can also be attributed to certain law-making activities, especially from the perspective of the genetic phenomenology. It is questioning. At the same time when Reinach was working on his theory of law, his Munich friend, Johannes Daubert (1877–1947), also a student of Theodor Lipps and a friend of Edmund Husserl, who together with Reinach made an “invasion of the Munichs at Göttingen”, worked on the first phenomenology of the question. Although he did not refer his research to the phenomenon of law, we can ask whether, like Reinach’s deliberations about promises and obligation, it cannot be done. That this is possible to some extent, for example, is evinced by the Hannah Arendt and Klaus Held’s phenomenology of the political world. He points out that the public world as such arises from the primordial openness of man, understood as “zoon politikon”. This openness might be interpreted as the question which is not so much a single act as it is an attitude. The purpose of the paper is to outline how, while starting with the phenomenological reflection over various types of utterances, one can specify their certain forms and the acts constituting them as well as the attitudes which allow for a priori grounding the phenomenon of law from the perspective of static and genetic phenomenology.
EN
The aim of the paper is to present an analysis of the thematic-rematic structure of Polish equivalents of interrogative sentences such as What do you think he had done?, namely of questions about some component of subordinate clause. In Polish, an interrogative pronoun has to be placed within the subordinate clause (it can be moved to the beginning of the sentence, but such an operation is connected with the contrastive intonation of the pronoun). The author claims that questions of the given type are to be interpret just as other wh-questions. She cites the theory of thematic-rematic structure of questions of A. Bogusławski and modifies this theory in order to account for interrogative sentences with counter-factive predicates, such as to lie.
EN
In 1961 Philippe Jaccottet wrote: "The best answer to all kinds of questions is the poem’s very absence of a response". In keeping with the elusive nature of the world, abandoned by the gods and by God, the poem remains mysterious, thus trans-lating as well as preserving the inexhaustible richness of Nature and human beings. So the poet not only accepts such a precarious situation, but learns from it. Nevertheless, when someone dear dies, the poet tends to deny the absence of the loved one and revolts against it, since there no longer are any signs of presence: merely incomprehensible absence. Yet he chooses to bear witness, even if he remains ignorant and weak. In effect, this is a duty: poetry provides a link which enables the separation to avoid becoming a definitive absence. Words are repairing shuttles.
EN
The article presents the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of questions asked during a single Polish language lesson. It consists of two main parts. The first presents and comments on the results of the teacher’s questions analysis, the second ‒ questions asked by students. The concept of Bogusław Skowronek was used, who distinguished four types of questions in his classification: 1) reassuring-instrumental; 2) substantive; 3) about the meta-didactic function; 4) not related to the classroom situation. The first two categories were specified in more detail by Elizabeth Perrott’s proposition, which distinguishes between guiding questions and questions for clarification among reassuring-instrumental questions, while she divides substantive questions according to the type of thought process launched during the answer and indicates lower-order and higher-order questions. The text ends with a summary containing not very optimistic conclusions.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the role of structure and functions of ‘hidden’ questions in schoolchildren’s responses to questions posed to them by teachers during lessons. The study sample consisted of 1154 answers of elementary school-age children related to questions formulated by teachers. Observation as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis of data was used. The structure and functions of both answers and questions were determined. The obtained data allowed for specifying the status of a significant part of primary education. The study revealed an important new area of research associated with the fact of what is happening between the phase of creating and formulating questions by the teacher and the phase of understanding and creating responses by the schoolchild.
PL
In her text the author analyses what philosophising with children is. She tries to ponder the question whether it is possible and in what way one could assess progress in the philosophising of students. Taking as a starting point Matthew Lipman’s definition that critical thinking (in this context – philosophical thinking) “requires criteria, is self-correcting and sensitive to context”, she decides to claim that the ability to ask questions is the best test for this kind of thinking. A pedagogical experiment has been conducted in which two groups (a P4C group and a control group) have to write which of the questions that they have asked themselves have changed anything in their lives. It turned out that the PC4 students had questions coming from themselves (as opposed to external situations). These questions were abstract, existential in character, difficult to solve (as opposed to closed-ended questions); they ‘worked’ in the student longer and deeper (as opposed to a quick answer, lack of struggling); they changed the way of thinking of the students (as opposed to changing a particular decision); they remained unresolved (as opposed to finding a quick answer).
EN
In her text the author analyses what philosophising with children is. She tries to ponder the question whether it is possible and in what way one could assess progress in the philosophising of students. Taking as a starting point Matthew Lipman’s definition that critical thinking (in this context – philosophical thinking) “requires criteria, is self-correcting and sensitive to context”, she decides to claim that the ability to ask questions is the best test for this kind of thinking. A pedagogical experiment has been conducted in which two groups (a P4C group and a control group) have to write which of the questions that they have asked themselves have changed anything in their lives. It turned out that the PC4 students had questions coming from themselves (as opposed to external situations). These questions were abstract, existential in character, difficult to solve (as opposed to closed-ended questions); they ‘worked’ in the student longer and deeper (as opposed to a quick answer, lack of struggling); they changed the way of thinking of the students (as opposed to changing a particular decision); they remained unresolved (as opposed to finding a quick answer).
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nr 33
EN
A common feature of the researched publications: Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (2005) and YOUCAT. Youth Catechism of the Catholic Church (2011), being a form of popularization of Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992), is a return to the traditional catechism composition based on blocks consisting of questions and answers. The purpose of the article is to analyze the questions used on YOUCAT pages. The analysis covers three aspects: 1. the status of catechism questions, 2. their typology, and 3. selected characteristics, such as the presence of presupposition, diversification of originator-recipient relations, and stylistic heterogeneity. The author draws conclusions regarding the servile, didactic and persuasive function of dialogue forms, qualifies catechism questions as only seeming questions and describes their linguistic specificity, boiling down to the use of several schematic solutions.
PL
Jednym z założeń, towarzyszących ogłoszonemu w 1992 roku Katechizmowi Kościoła katolickiego, jest powstanie opracowań doktrynalnych przeznaczonych dla zawężonego kręgu odbiorców. Przykładem publikacji o charakterze popularyzatorskim są m.in. Kompendium Katechizmu Kościoła katolickiego (wyd. 2005) oraz YOUCAT. Katechizm Kościoła katolickiego dla młodych (wyd. 2011, wierny przekład z języka niemieckiego). Pozycje te łączy powrót do tradycyjnej kompozycji katechizmowej, opartej na blokach składających się z pytania i odpowiedzi (z formy tej zrezygnowano w Katechizmie Kościoła katolickiego). Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza pytań, zastosowanych na kartach YOUCAT, obejmująca 3 aspekty: (1) status pytań katechizmowych, (2) ich typologię oraz (3) wybrane cechy charakterystyczne, takie jak obecność presupozycji, zróżnicowanie relacji nadawczo-odbiorczych oraz niejednorodność stylistyczna. Autorka wysuwa wnioski dotyczące służebnej, dydaktycznej i perswazyjnej funkcji form dialogowych, kwalifikuje pytania katechizmowe jako pozorne i opisuje ich językową specyfikę, sprowadzającą się do korzystania z kilku schematycznych rozwiązań.
11
Content available Czy lekcje języka polskiego uczą myślenia?
67%
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nr 11
125-138
EN
In this paper I present the results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 555 questions contained in the scenarios of Polish language lessons, whose authors are students of the 3rd year of Polish Philology. I am using the Elizabeth Perrott’s classification, which, taking into account Benjamin Bloom’s “taxonomy of educational objectives”, proposed a division of questions due to the type of thought process launched during the response, highlighting lower-order questions (recall, comprehension, application) and higher-order questions (analysis, synthesis and evaluation). The text consists of two essential parts. In the first one, I present a category of questions from a pragmatic, grammatical and didactic perspective, in the second one I present and comment on the results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of questions that clearly indicates the students’ overuse of lower-order questions (over 75% in the study material), which are to enforce knowledge .
PL
W artykule przedstawiam wyniki jakościowej i ilościowej analizy 555 pytań zawartych w scenariuszach lekcji języka polskiego, których autorami są studenci III roku filologii polskiej. Posiłkuję się przy tym klasyfikacją Elizabeth Perrott, która, uwzględniając „taksonomię celów edukacyjnych” Benjamina Blooma, zaproponowała podział pytań ze względu na typ procesu myślowego uruchomianego podczas odpowiedzi, wyróżniając pytania niższego rzędu (przypominanie, zrozumienie, zastosowanie) oraz pytania wyższego rzędu (analiza, synteza i ewaluacja). Tekst składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części. W pierwszej prezentuję kategorię pytania z perspektywy pragmatycznej, gramatycznej i dydaktycznej, w drugiej przedstawiam i komentuję wyniki analizy jakościowej i ilościowej pytań, która jednoznacznie wskazuje na nadużywanie przez studentów pytań niższego rzędu (ponad 75% w badanym materiale), służących jedynie egzekwowaniu wiedzy.
12
Content available Retoryka pytań w dyskursie sądowym
59%
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tom 2
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nr 3
2-15
PL
Artykuł podejmuje temat retoryki pytań w toku przesłuchiwania świadków na sali sądowej w kontekście polskiego prawodawstwa i praktyki postępowania sądowego. W szczególności przedmiotem analizy jest zastosowanie zabiegów retorycznych, za pomocą których pytania mają mieć walor perswazyjny, a nie tylko informacyjny. Takie pytania ze strony przesłuchującego mają np. zasugerować treści, które potwierdzałyby jego tezę.
EN
This study investigates the issue of lawyers’ rhetorical proficiency, which is revealed in a situation of examination of witnesses and defendants in a Polish model of lawsuit. At this stage of trial the hybridity of rhetoric can be observed and it discloses in a specifi c technique of posing questions that aim to persuade while they pretend to inform. The discussed method of examination is performed to elicit evidence in support of facts which will satisfy a required element of a party's claim or defense.
PL
W tej krótkiej pracy omawiamy doświadczenia ze zdalnego nauczania studentów matematyki oraz studentów kierunku inżynierskiego z użyciem metody odwróconej klasy oraz z wykorzystaniem technologii do aktywizacji i zwiększenia zaangażowania studentów w proces nauczania.
EN
In this note we want to share our experiences gathered during some courses in mathematics taught completely online due to COVID 19 pandemic restrictions. Our students were mathematics majors and engineering majors. We discuss briefly similarities and differences in working with both groups of students. Somewhat surprisingly similarities are predominating. In the courses we applied the method of the flipped classroom. This method is relatively well known and spread to some extend in middle and high schools but it is rarely applied in university courses. We found that the methods works very effectively in courses taught completely online allowing for diversion from a rather dull routine of a traditional lecture implemented in the online setting and providing place for engaging students in the learning process. The method was complemented by some elements from the peer instruction approach. Most notably, we used technology to implement good questions in the spirit developed by the second author in his PhD thesis, stimulating thus discussions and increasing the attractiveness of our classes.
EN
The central purpose of this article is to show the significance of Martin Heidegger’s basic notions, such as ‘care’ or ‘life’. According to Heidegger, these central terms are closely connected to the problem of death. By death I have in mind Heidegger’s notion of Sein zum Tode as developed in Being and Time. Heidegger claims that death is the final horizon whithin which to understand the meaning of being in the world. This article shows the ontological primacy of being towards death, but in the context of the idea of φύσις, because this work can be placed within the Greek tradition. Thus we approach the problem of the universe of which we are part. If man belongs to the universe, he belongs to being as well. Heidegger draws deeply from the broad stream of ancient philosophy. The idea of the universe encourages us to transform our inner being – Martin Heidegger understands this basic claim of ancient philosophers, and also takes from them the significance of achieving authenticity.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizy wybranych wierszy dwojga poetów: kobiety i mężczyzny, żony i męża. Nietypowa sytuacja twórcza, jaką stanowi małżeństwo poetyckie, stanowić może ciekawą perspektywę badawczą. W artykule omówione zostały zawarte w wierszach przedstawienia tematów miłości, rodziny, domu i małżeństwa. Rozważania oparte są głównie na tomiku Cztery twarze domu. Antologia rodzinna, którego tytuł zaprasza czytelnika do zatrzymania się nad problematyką domu i rodziny. Autorka odwołuje się przy tym do kategorii autobiografizmu, powołując się między innymi na prace Małgorzaty Czermińskiej i Andrzeja Lama. W analizach opisuje podobieństwa i różnice wyrażone w wierszach Ferenc i Jankowskiego i stara się ukazać je jako poetyckie świadectwa ludzkiego indywidualnego przeżywania świata, które nie wyklucza porozumienia i bliskości. W wierszach obojga poetów ujawnia się, w odmienny sposób obrazowana, konieczność życia z niemożliwymi do zrozumienia doświadczeniami: bólem i miłością.
XX
The article contains reflections about selected poems of two poets: a woman and a man, a wife and a husband. This untypical life situation brings an interesting perspective to research. The article treats of how both poets describe subjects of love, family, home and marriage. Considerations are based especially on the book Cztery twarze domu. Antologia rodzinna, which title and construction encourage to look at this question. Comparing writings of people that are close to each other requires referring to the autobiographic matter. The author refers to the works of, inter alia, Małgorzata Czermińska and Andrzej Lam. The article also brings up the question of what the homes, which are simultaneously one home, are. The author describes differences and similarities which are expressed in poems by Ferenc and Jankowski, and tries to show them as poetic testimony of abundance of human individuality. The variety doesn’t prevent a union between people, but it is an opportunity of conversation and understanding distinct ways of thinking about life and world. In the article, the author analyses poems in which two different attitudes are noticeable, but both result from a similar reason – the necessity to live with incomprehensible pain and love.
RU
В статье представлены итоги сравнительного анализа вопросов, наблюдаемых в польских и русских текстах, отправляемых на открытках во второй половине ХХ века. Проведенная характеристика охватывает несколько аспектов, таких как: 1) место вопросов в составе эпистолярного текста, 2) другие речевые акты, наблюдаемые в ближайшем окружении вопросов 3) содержание вопросов, 4) функции вопросов в эпистолярном тексте. Исследование показало, что в материале чаще всего встречаются открытые вопросы. Как правило, они носят вежливый характер и используются для установления и поддержания контакта. В свою очередь вопросы, направленные на получение информации, отмечены лишь единично.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu analizę porównawczą aktów pytania umieszczanych w treści polsko- i rosyjskojęzycznych tekstów przesyłanych za pośrednictwem kart pocztowych w drugiej połowie XX wieku. Przeprowadzona charakterystyka obejmuje kilka aspektów funkcjonowania pytań w listach pocztówkowych, takich jak: 1) ich lokalizacja w ramach kompozycji tekstu epistolarnego, 2) sąsiadujące z nimi akty mowy, 3) ich przedmiot (tematyka) oraz 4) funkcje pełnione przez pytania w tekście epistolarnym. Badanie wykazało, że najczęściej stosowane są pytania o uzupełnienie. Z reguły mają one charakter grzecznościowy i służą do nawiązania i podtrzymania kontaktu, rzadko natomiast można zaobserwować pytania mające na celu uzyskanie informacji.
EN
The article aims to present a comparative analysis of speech acts of questions contained in Polish and Russian texts sent via postcards in the second half of the 20th century. The study pertains to several aspects of speech acts of questions in postcard texts, such as: 1) their location, 2) speech acts which co-occur with questions, 3) their subject matter, 4) functions performed by questions in the epistolary texts. The analysis shows that the most frequently used type of questions are Wh-questions. Most of the examined questions are asked out of politeness and are used to establish and maintain contact between interaction partners, while questions aimed at obtaining information are rare to be found.
EN
In the text the hermeneutics of listening (which can be also called “the psachno-acouological hermeneutics”) has been outlined in the context of the hermeneutic priority of the question. The author focuses on different ways of listening: unwitting listening, witting listening, interpretative listening, breathing listening, listening within action. The latter aspect of listening is directly connected with the ethics of taste, which is phronetic. The inner ear brings out what is right in the situation, so the author states: there is no phronesis without akuological sinesis. The enumeration of the ways of listening is to present, on the one hand, the variety of listening, and on the other hand, some paradoxes and difficulties in describing the complexity of “the acouological”. The complexity does not vanish the main conviction that listening is the spirit of every formative experience and it enables to think of the educational liberation as of a deep-rooted liberation. The cultivation of the hermeneutic ear happens in the process of translation/reading as experiencing something different and differently. It needs the willingness to read in a special way: slowly and freely in order to reveal some sense in the three-dimensional experience of co-utterence, translation, and a creative expression of our “inner word”. In the article an anthropological thesis is pointed out as well: a person is a genuine openness which is actually a temporal, dynamic space for question being at the same time the space of question, thus men are able to welcome the question that comes to them like to a well-known area, like to its own “home”. If so, the human spirit is rather psachnological (or quaerological), because question is a “message” full of meaning, something that calls, touches so deeply that one feels the necessity to be in search for a respond. However each question, even the simplest one, must be heard in order to became a real question calling for an answer. The human being can therefore be named “being all ears”, or “the audible way of being” (“słuchający sposób bycia”), “a listener” or “an embodied listening”.
PL
Tekst stanowi zarys hermeneutyki słuchania, przedstawionej w kontekście hermeneutycznego prymatu pytania. Autorka prezentuje różne sposoby rozumienia „słuchania”: słuchanie nieświadome (słyszenie), słuchanie intencjonalne, słuchanie rozumiejące (z uwzględnieniem słuchania interpretującego), słuchanie oddychające (sformułowanie inspirowane badaniami Jamesa Rissera) oraz słuchanie w działaniu. To ostatnie wiąże się z etyką smaku, która ze swej istoty ma charakter fronetyczny. Ucho wewnętrzne rozstrzyga o tym, co w danej sytuacji jest słuszne (Gadamer), a zatem autorka stwierdza, że nie istnieje phronesis bez akuologicznej sinesis (rozumienie, którego (dia)logika polega na słuchaniu). Wymienione rodzaje słuchania służą, po pierwsze, temu, aby pokazać różnorodność sposobów rozumienia „słuchania” (niezredukowanego do opozycji: bierne–aktywne; milczenie–mówienie, słyszenie–słuchanie itp.), po wtóre, aby wskazać na paradoksy i trudności w badaniu tego, co akuologiczne. Złożoność ta nie unieważnia jednak w żaden sposób przeświadczenia głoszącego, że każde formujące, kształtujące doświadczenie jest przepełnione słuchaniem – bez słuchania nie ma kształtowania, słuchanie to duch kształtującego doświadczenia (również edukacji); w zależności od sposobu słuchania, edukacja przybiera rozmaite formy i odwrotnie – rodzaj edukacji zawsze preferuje określone formy słuchania. Stwierdzenie to umożliwia namysł nad wolnością w edukacji, rozumianą jako wyzwalanie w procesie głębokiego zakorzeniania. Kształtowanie ucha hermeneutycznego wydarza się w procesie szeroko pojmowanej translacji/lektury, która jest doświadczaniem czegoś innego oraz w inny niż dotychczas sposób. Formacja taka zakłada – również szeroko rozumianą – lekturę niespieszną i wolną (swobodną) odsłaniającą pewien sens w doświadczeniu współwypowiadania, przekładu i wyrażania wewnętrznego słowa „czytelnika”. Autorka bazuje na przeświadczeniu, że osoba to rzeczywista otwartość – temporalna, dynamiczna przestrzeń pytania. Człowiek to istota poszukująca odpowiedzi na pytanie, które jako ważna „wiadomość” rezyduje w jego wnętrzu („sercu”, „duszy”), dotykając go, poruszając i domagając się poszukiwania odpowiedzi (człowiek jako istota psachnologiczna, quaerologiczna). Niemniej jednak, nawet najprostsze, najgłupsze pytanie musi zostać usłyszane, aby w ogóle mogło być pytaniem. Dlatego człowiek, istota rozumiejąca, może być interpretowana w sposób akuologiczny jako „zamiana w słuch”, „słuchający sposób bycia”, „słuchacz” lub „ucieleśnione słuchanie”, które z jednej strony stanowi przestrzeń pytania (i w tym sensie jest ucieleśnionym pytaniem), z drugiej strony odpowiada – całym sobą – na głos przychodzącego pytania.
EN
The Language Consultation Centre (LCC) of the Czech Language Institute has been offering telephone consultations for almost eighty years. During that time papers about the content of queries were published fairly regularly, but the interaction between callers and LCC employees was mostly disregarded (with a few recent exceptions). Therefore, this paper presents an analysis of the ways that the callers formulate their queries. For this purpose, I examined 102 language queries from 63 recordings of authentic phone calls to the LCC using the methodology of conversation analysis. In the queries I identified recurring components and divided them into seven categories based on their functions: thematizing knowledge deficit, defining the topic of the query, supporting or rejecting the solution, disclaiming authorship (of a “problematic” language form), justifying the query, providing additional information, and signalling transition to the next part of the utterance. This categorization proved that language queries are complex utterances that reflect the norms of the genre of telephone language consulting. In other words, the inquirers are well aware of what information they can present and how, and what they can expect from LCC employees in return.
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