The anatomy of the posterior cricoid cartilage region was examined to obtain a better quantitative understanding of this region. The mean height and width of the posterior cricoid cartilage in the midline measured 24.5 mm and 25 mm respectively. The mean distance between the fibres for the left and right posterior cricoarytenoid muscles was 5 mm at the midpoint of the posterior cricoid cartilage. The height of these muscles averaged 19 mm for left sides and 20 mm for right sides. The mean distances from the midpoint and superior midline of the posterior cricoid cartilage to the inferior laryngeal nerve were 14 mm and 15 mm respectively for left sides and 17 mm and 18 mm respectively for right sides. It is hoped that these data will be of use to clinicians performing invasive procedures in this area.
This study investigated the quantitative anatomy of photosynthetic tissues (leaf mesostructure) of wild ginseng Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae) plants from different natural habitats. The structural and functional traits of the photosynthetic apparatus shown to be especially elastic were mesophyll cell volume (Cv >40%) and traits related to filling of the leaf with cells and plastids (Cv≥21%). P. ginseng possesses relatively few cells per leaf area (44.6–107.2 103/cm2) and chloroplasts (1.7–4.9 106/cm2). Also low are the values of such integral indexes as relative surface of mesophyll cells (Ames/A, 2.78–5.28) and relative surface of chloroplasts (Achl/A, 1.9–3.2). The leaf mesostructure of wild ginseng shows traits of a plant typically found in shady forest habitats. The photosynthetic apparatus of ginseng adapts to various habitat conditions on the level of leaf mesostructure, through structural transformations of mesophyll tissue, such as changes in the number and size of cells and chloroplasts and also the integral surface indexes Achl/A and Ames/A.
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