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1
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EN
In recent years, there has been a dynamic increase in the use of multirotor flying robots in various areas of economic and social life. Robots of this kind may be used in environmental research, after equipping them with an appropriate measuring systems. This includes taking measurements of various types of contaminants, such as: particulate matter (PM), various gases, noise and light pollution. To make this possible, it is necessary to conduct advanced model-simulation tests of the flying platform, analyse and determine the appropriate location for the measurement system. Most of the current research on methods and techniques of taking measurements on the flying platform does not take into account these issues. This work consists of two main parts: modeling and simulation tests, and experimental part carried out in laboratory conditions. As part of the work, quadrocopter dynamics equations have been developed and implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The developed discrete mathematical model made it possible to simulate different robot maneuvers: upward, forward, sideways and rotation flight. In order to determine the required characteristics of the multicopter drive sets, a mobile dynamometer station was designed, constructed and programmed. The dynamometer allows, among others, to take measurements of thrust force, torque and rotational speed. The final stage of the work was the development of the numerical model and CFD calculations of the quadrocopter. In this part, distributions of the pressure fields and velocity for the robot's hover state were determined.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest analiza wyników pomiaru położenia, zrealizowanego za pomocą trzech egzemplarzy odbiorników GPS oraz czujnika ciśnienia, na podstawie której wykonano barometryczny czujnik wysokości. Systemy nawigacji są stosowane głównie w autonomicznych lotach bezzałogowych systemów latających, które wymagają dużej dokładności pomiaru pozycji urządzenia. W artykule zaproponowano sposób doboru odbiornika sygnału GPS na podstawie charakterystyk statycznych i dynamicznych.
EN
The subject of the article is the analysis of the position with using three pieces of GPS receivers and a pressure sensor which was the basis of the barometric height sensor. The navigation application is designed primarily to the use of quadrocopters, that requires the highest accuracy of the device position measurement. The paper proposes a method of selecting the GPS signal receiver based on static and dynamic characteristics.
PL
W ramach pracy wykonano bezzałogowy system latający w konfiguracji z czterema silnikami zwany quadrocopterem. Głównym sterownikiem jest Raspberry Pi2 wraz z trzema dołączonymi modułami odpowiedzialnymi za sterowanie prędkością obrotową silników, wykonywanie pomiarów prędkości kątowej i przyspieszenia oraz zapewnienie łączności zgodnie ze standardem Wi-Fi.
EN
The work presents the fabricated unmanned aerial system in conf with four engines, called Quadcopter. The main controller of the system is Raspberry Pi2 board with three additionally attached modules, which are responsible for controlling the motors speed, measurements of angular velocity and acceleration as well as providing communication based on Wi-Fi standard.
EN
The article describes the impact of the drive units on the data obtained from ultrasonic sensors. These sensors are mounted on the multi-rotor flying robot. In experiments, previously designed ultrasonic sensor was used. On purpose of this study special testbed, consisted of a dynamometer and manipulator from KUKA company was created. In the research the influence of the location of the drive unit on the aforementioned sensor was measured. For this purpose, the sensor was placed in front, behind and in the line of the rotating propeller. The obtained results allowed to identify places where there are the least interference from the drive units that affect the ultrasonic sensor. Thanks to this, the results of measurements of the obstacles distance from a flying robot were improved.
5
Content available Fuzzy-Lyapunov based controller for a quadrocopter
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EN
Quadrocopters are nonlinear and inherently unstable systems. To be able to account for the nonlinearities during more aggressive manoeuvres nonlinear control methods need to be utilized to obtain the desired position while at the same time guaranteeing stability. In the article, the quadrocopter dynamics is modelled using the Newton-Euler method. The propeller aerodynamics is modelled using a combination of momentum theory and blade element theory. There are two different control objectives; the 1st objective requires the quadrocopter to reach a desired attitude set point using, while the 2nd objective requires the quadrocopter to track an attitude trajectory. In both cases, Lyapunov stability criterion, in conjunction with LaSalle’s invariance principle, is used to guarantee the system becomes asymptotically stable. In the case of reaching the desired attitude set point, a direct Lyapunov control method is implemented with the control constants determined empirically. For the trajectory tracking, limited knowledge is assumed on the system dynamics and the Mamdani fuzzy controller is used with a rule base that satisfy the Lyapunov stability criterion. The fuzzy membership functions developed empirically and a centre of gravity defuzzification method is used. All simulations are done in MATLAB/Simulink. The results of the numerical simulation are presented in the article.
EN
In this paper a model of the dynamics of four-rotor flying robot is described in details. Control design must be preceded by the modeling and subsequent analysis of the robot behavior in simulator. It is therefore necessary to develop the mathematical model as accurate as it is possible. The paper contains a detailed derivation of the mathematical model in the context of physics laws affecting the quadrocopter. The novelty of presented notation is an extention of Coriolis forces in linear acceleration and the gyroscopic effect on angular acceleration. In the validation phase, the mathematical model was verified with the use of proposed control algorithms. Simulation studies have demonstrated the adequacy of a MATLAB model to properly reflect the real quadrocopter dynamics. This would allow for its use in the simulator and afterwards to implement and verify of control laws on the real fourrotor flying robot.
EN
The paper describes the results of quadrocopters motion properties for the control based on the inverse dynamics method and optimal control method with synthesis linear-quadratic regulator (LQR). Motion of quadrocopters is tested for composite trajectories. The new model of asymmetrical quadrocopters, taking into account the rotation and shift of one arm relative to the other, was developed. A few criteria for evaluation of the effectiveness of control methods of quadrocopters are presented in this paper. An analysis of the results allows selecting a method for solving the problem of quadrocopters control and making recommendations for the formation of trajectories.
PL
Jedną z licznych platform latających jest pojazd typu quadrocopter. Rozwój techniki pozwala na budowanie konstrukcji przemieszczających się w wielu osiach. W artykule przedstawiono projekt, wykonanie i oprogramowanie pojazdu typu quadrocopter. Dodatkowo dokonano filtracji sygnałów pomiarowych i opracowano algorytm sterowania.
EN
One of the many flying platforms is vehicle of type quadrocopter. The development of technique allows design and construction platforms for moving of several axes. The paper presents the project, construction and programming of flying platform type quadrocopter. Moreover, the filtering of measurements signals and control algorithm was developed.
9
Content available Modelowanie, sterowanie i wizualizacja quadrocoptera
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PL
Artykuł przedstawia podejście do budowy modelu matematycznego quadrocoptera. Głównym celem budowy modelu było zaprojektowanie odpowiedniego sterowania obiektu oraz analiza jego zachowania się w różnych sytuacjach. Jako założenie przyjęto budowę modelu, systemu sterowania oraz wszelkich towarzyszących algorytmów w otwartym środowisku programistycznym, co pozwoli na późniejszą ich implementację w rzeczywistym obiekcie, bez konieczności stosowania drogiego oprogramowania. Sterowanie quadrocopterem przez operatora odbywa się przy pomocy ruchów dłoni sczytywanych przez kamerę i odpowiednio interpretowanych przy pomocy zaawansowanych metod przetwarzania obrazów. Całość systemu zwizualizowana jest i osadzona w trójwymiarowym środowisku symulacyjnym.
EN
The paper presents an approach for building a mathematical model of a quadrocopter. The main objective was to design the appropriate quadrocopter control and analysis of its behavior in different situations. As the assumption was that the model, control system and all the accompanying algorithms have to be realized in an open source and free programs, to allow for their later implementationin plant, without the need for expensive software. Quadrocopter control by the operator is carried outusing hand movements read by the camera and then properly interpreter with the great help of advanced methods of image processing techniques. The whole system is visualized and embedded in threedimensional simulation environment.
10
Content available Bezzałogowa zdalnie sterowana jednostka latająca
84%
PL
Quadrocopter, jako przykład drona, wykorzystywany jest coraz częściej przez sektor publiczny i przemysłowy. W artykule omówiono zadania realizowane podczas projektowania i praktycznej realizacji zdalnie sterowanej jednostki latającej. W pierwszej kolejności zaprojektowano i wykonano ramę urządzenia. Następnie dobrano elementy pozwalające na lot quadrocoptera. Na płycie znalazła się jednostka centralna w postaci mikrokontrolera ATmega644PA. W dalszej części udokumentowano proces programowania kolejnych elementów składających się na program sterujący quadrocopterem. Układ regulacji do stabilizacji maszyny wymaga informacji o położeniu quadrocoptera w przestrzeni. Realizowane jest to przez moduł pomiarowy zawierający akcelerometr i żyroskop. Quadrocopter potrzebuje informacji o poleceniach operatora. Zaimplementowano sterowanie z wykorzystaniem modułu Bluetooth i aplikacji dla systemu Android.
EN
Quadrocopter as an example of a dron that is used both in a public and industrial sectors. First of all the authors designed and manufactured frame of the device. Then they chosen elements which allow the quadrocopter to flight. There is the central unit in the form of a microcontroller ATmega 644PA on board. In next part the authors explained the programming process of the elements of a quadrocopter control program. The control system for stabilization of the machine requires the information about the location of quadrocopter in space. This is done by motion processing unit which contains an accelerometer and gyroscope. The quadrocopter to fly needs commands from the operator. It has been decided to implement controlling via Bluetooth module and hand-written application on Android.
EN
Errors in the calculation of the parameters of quadcopter control models at design stage significantly change the desired aerodynamic properties of the drone and make it difficult to control its flight along the intended path. Therefore, to calculate the adequate operation modes of the blades, it becomes necessary to refine some parameters of the mathematical model of the drone as accurately as possible. This paper shows the possibility of using control parameters (rotational speed of the blades) and information received from navigation devices of the drone to refine the values of the parameters of the mathematical model of the drone. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a quadcopter is built, and the problem of refining the parameters of its dynamic model is investigated based on the information received from navigation devices and the control parameters in the initial period of its flight. From the results obtained from several consecutive measurements, a system of equations expressing a mathematical model is solved. The mean value of the corresponding solutions of the system of three-dimensional linear equations obtained at different time intervals is the refined value of the parameters.
EN
In this work, we present a failure detection system in sensors of any robot. It is based on the k-fold cross-validation approach and built from N neural networks, where N is the number of signals read from sensors. Our tests were carried out using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV, quadrocopter), where signals were read from three sensors: accelerometer, magnetometer and gyroscope. Artificial neural network was used to determine Euler angles, based on signals from these sensors. The presented system is an extension of the system that we proposed in one of our previous papers. The improvement shown in this work took place on two levels. The first one was related to improvement of a neural network՚s reproduction quality – we have replaced a recurrent neural network with a convolutional one. The second level was associated with the improvement of the validation process, i.e. with adding some new criteria to check the values of Euler՚s angles determined by the convolutional neural network in subsequent time steps. To highlight the proposed system improvement we present a number of indicators such as RMSE, NRMSE and NDR (Normalized Detection Ratio).
PL
W artykule rozważono problem poprawy jakości estymacji prędkości wznoszenia bezzałogowego statku powietrznego pionowego startu i lądowania klasy mikro za pomocą czujnika ultradźwiękowego i jednostki do pomiarów inercyjnych (ang. Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU). Praca dotyczy niskich pułapów, w zakresie od 0-6m, a wiec bezpośrednio dotyka problemu autonomicznego startu i lądowania. Do prezentacji wyników użyto czterowirnikowego mikrowiropłata (ang. quadrocopter). Zastosowano sterowanieza pomocą regulatora proporcjonalno-całkująco-różniczkującego PID. Wyniki poparto badaniami teoretycznymi oraz analizą wyników rzeczywistych - omawiany algorytm został zaimplementowany w sterowniku mikrośmigłowca.
EN
Authors of this work present a fast algorithm for rate of climb detection of anquadrotor aircraft basing on accelerometer measurements. A second order discrete Butterworth filter is proposed. Additionally a possibility to further lessen computational complexity is shown in case of described project assumptions. A choice for optimal filter's cut-off frequency is backed up by filter characteristics 'comparison. Suitability of the above solution is confirmed via rate of climb accelerometer measurements collected in-flight, i.e. in presence of significant disturbances, in comparison with rate of climb estimated with an ultrasonic sensor. A major improvement of altitude stabilization algorithm's precision is shown after accelerometer measurements have been incorporated in the feedback loop of a PID controller.
PL
Współczesna robotyka rozwija się bardzo dynamicznie. Coraz więcej osób prywatnych i inżynierów konstruuje różnego rodzaju pojazdy mobilne. Dlatego autorzy niniejszego referatu postawili sobie następującą tezę: możliwa jest budowa latającego robota mobilnego na bazie kontrolera o niskiej mocy obliczeniowej oraz prostego regulatora, i podjęli się jej udowodnienia.
EN
A quadrocopter is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. The development of the quadrocopter is caused by their use not only by the military or rescue services, but also by civilians for the most unusual tasks such as cleaning bot, pesticide sprayer for vast fields of crops or respraying paint on lines on the roads. Therefore, the authors of the paper undertook to build a flying mobile robot based on low computing power controller and simple speed regulator. The paper presents a prototype of a flying robot, purposely equipped with a weak 8-bit microcontroller and a simple regulator, in order to check the possibility of proper regulation and flight control. The constructed robot consists of: a support frame, four engines fitted with propellers and motor controllers. The measurement system is based on an accelerometer and a gyroscope. The final version of the robot is controlled by two 8-bit microcontrollers. The constructed robot test results, such as: 15-minute flight time, the steady-state error of less than 1° and casual smooth maneuvering and flight control , proved that it is possible to realize a quadrocopter flight control system using low computational power microcontrollers and a simple cascade controller.
PL
Celem pracy jest budowa użytkowego modelu matematycznego quadrocoptera (QC) z uwzględnieniem urządzeń wykonawczych (UW) oraz identyfikacja jego parametrów. Zadanie identyfikacji sprowadzono do rozwiązania trzech zadań optymalizacji. Wynikiem prac jest model QC uwzględniający wpływ zmian napięcia zasilania na działanie UW.
EN
The goal of the paper is to deliver the utility model of quadcopter (QC) dynamics. The focus is on including the information of powersource voltage drop in actuator system model and its parameter identification. The identification problem is initially set up as an optimisation task in function space due to the impact of the actuators. Under the stated assumptions regarding the actuator system model the identification problem is consequently decomposed into three independent optimisation tasks defined in the model parameter space. The designed laboratory experiments deliver inputoutput data sets used to solve the proposed optimisation tasks. Solving the optimisation tasks results in an utility model for control design purposes that encompasses the nonlinearity of the actuator system and the effects of the powersource voltage drop. The latter is obtained by interpolation of the discrete results into the continuous voltage domain by line fitting under the stated assumption. The obtained model features are considered key factors for the control system design to follow in the future work.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia projekt oraz wykonany na jego podstawie model rzeczywisty latającego robota obserwacyjno-transportowego – Kwadrowca. Napędzany czterema silnikami bezszczotkowymi robot, wyposażony w kamerę i moduł GPS może być zdalnie sterowany przez operatora lub działać autonomicznie. Zastosowano podwójne, niezależne zasilanie akumulatorowe: podstawowe – zasilające silniki napędowe, zapewniając minimum 7 minut pracy, oraz dodatkowe (wspomagane czterema panelami fotowoltaicznymi), zasilające pozostałą elektronikę – w tym oświetlenie LED. Przeprowadzono statyczną analizę wytrzymałościową w oparciu o metodę elementów skończonych MES. Dobrano odpowiednie komponenty do konstrukcji Kwadrowca, takie jak silniki bezszczotkowe, regulatory prędkości obrotowej, pakiet zasilający, kontroler lotu, system zdalnego sterowania oraz system rejestracji i przesyłu obrazu. Model umożliwia wykonywanie zdjęć i filmów z lotu ptaka, transport ładunków do 0,7 kg, oraz realizację zadań reklamowych.
EN
The article presents the design and made on the basis of it actual model of flying robot - Quadrocopter. It is powered by four brushless motors, equipped with a camera and GPS module can be remotely controlled by an operator or work autonomously . It used double , independent battery power: basic –which powered drive motors , providing a minimum 7 minutes of work , and additional (aided by four photovoltaic panels), which power remain electronics - including LED lighting . Conducted static strength analysis based on the finite element method FEM. Selects the appropriate components for the construction of Quadrocopter, such as brushless motors, speed controllers, power battery pack , flight controller, a remote control system and a system of registration and transfer of picture . Model lets as make a pictures and video from the air, trucking to 0.7 kg, and making advertising tasks.
EN
This paper presents an alternative approach to the sequential data classification, based on traditional machine learning algorithms (neural networks, principal component analysis, multivariate Gaussian anomaly detector) and finding the shortest path in a directed acyclic graph, using A* algorithm with a regression-based heuristic. Palm gestures were used as an example of the sequential data and a quadrocopter was the controlled object. The study includes creation of a conceptual model and practical construction of a system using the GPU to ensure the realtime operation. The results present the classification accuracy of chosen gestures and comparison of the computation time between the CPU- and GPU-based solutions.
PL
Artykuł omawia metody doboru elementów składających się na jednostkę napędową wielowirnikowego robota latającego. Przedstawiono wymagania, jakie powinny spełniać badane jednostki napędowe. Praca zawiera przykładowe wyniki testów przeprowadzonych na hamowni oraz wyciągnięte na ich podstawie wnioski. Przeprowadzone badania pokazują, że nie jest konieczna budowa dedykowanych regulatorów obrotów, czy też modyfikowanie gotowych układów, by mogły być one stosowane jako napęd do wielowirnikowych robotów latających. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych testów zaobserwowano, że pomimo zastosowania zestawów składających się z identycznych elementów, otrzymane charakterystyki znacząco się różnią. Prowadzi to do trudności w stabilizacji robota podczas lotu, a także skraca jego czas pracy.
EN
This paper discusses selection criteria and assumptions for multi-rotor flying robot actuators. Results of tests for units made of electrical (high rpm) motors, propellers and rotation speed governors are presented in Section 2 (Fig. 1). Driving units were selected by three tests (Section 4). The first one allowed specifying the maximum thrust of a tested driving unit (Fig. 5). The second test simulated the work of a driving unit during stabilizing movements of the flying platform (Fig. 6). The purpose was to determine the quadrocopter reaction rate to changes in the control signal. The third test was related to simulating tilting of the platform while maneuvering (Fig. 7). In another series of tests the frequency of the pulse speed governor was increased from 45 to 400 Hz (Fig. 8). The conclusions are based on the tests results. The general one is that the typical governors can be used in multi-rotor UAV without particular modifications and there is no need to design customized governors. However, it was observed that driving units made of elements having identical nominal parameters, had quite different regulatory characteristics (Fig. 10). Due to it, stabilization was more difficult and, at the same time, the power consumption increased. The experiments were conducted with a dedicated measurement system (Fig. 4, Section 3). The representative number of motors, propellers and rotation speed governors was tested and compared in order to select the optimal driving unit, satisfying the initial assumptions and criteria.
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