Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Automatic proxy generation and load-balancing-based dynamic choice of services

100%

Dąbrowski J. , Feduniak S. , Baliś B. , Bartyński T. , Funika W.

Computer Science

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2012

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tom Vol. 13 (3)

45-59

EN

The paper addresses the issues of invoking services from within workflows which are becoming an increasingly popular paradigm of distributed programming.The main idea of our research is to develop a facility which enables load balancing between the available services and their instances. The system consists of three main modules: a proxy generator for a specific service according to its interface type, a proxy that redirects requests to a concrete instance of the service and load-balancer (LB) to choose the least loaded virtual machine (VM) which hosts a single service instance. The proxy generator was implemented as a bean (in compliance to EJB standard) which generates proxy according to the WSDL service interface description using XSLT engine and then deploys it on a GlassFish application server using GlassFish API, the proxy is a BPEL module and load-balancer is a stateful Web Service.

2

LAW APPLICABLE FOR THE REPRESENTATIONTO EXERCISE THE CORPORATE RIGHTS OF SHAREHOLDERSIN POLISH COMPANIES

100%

Tapek K.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2017

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tom 28

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nr 1

129-160

EN

Shareholders of Polish companies dispose of various rights – property as well as corporate. Majority of corporate rights can be exercised by a representative. Representation, in this regard includes two categories: proxy and statutory rep-resentation. Regulations concerning representation vary, depending on kind of company in which they are used (limited liability companies, joint – stock com-panies or public companies, whose regulation is influenced by European law). In current study representation to exercise corporate rights of shareholders will be examined on the meta-law level. Provisions of international private law shall be observed to determine that which country’s legal regime shall be applied to interpret the institution of representation in cross-border situations. Additionally, it is necessary to distinguish the scopes of laws applicable for different issues connected with representation. The dissertation is aimed to address all abovementioned questions with the reference to European and Polish law.

3

NIEKONSTYTUCYJNOŚĆ ART. 4241 § 1 K.P.C. – STUDIUM PRZYPADKU

88%

Michta D.

Eunomia – Rozwój Zrównoważony – Sustainable Development

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2018

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nr 1(94)

63-68

EN

Author considers if Article 4241 § 1 of Civil Proceedings Law is contrary to Basic Law, when it reduces possibility of placing plaint for identifying inconsistency with law of valid court decision in case when ,by its rendering, only one litigant suffered a damage. Law mentioned previously indicates that demanding of identifying inconsistency with law of valid court decision of second instance ending proceedings in process, is possible if by its rendering, litigant suffered a damage and a change or repeal of the judgement by tenable legal means wasn’t and is still not possible. Author shows that mentioned law doesn’t warrant placing a plaint to identify inconsistency with law of valid court decision, in case when by its rendering damage wasn’t done to litigant, but to assigned proxy representing litigant.

4

ID-based, Proxy, Threshold Signature Scheme

88%

Pomykała J. , Kułakowski H. , Sapiecha P. , Grela B.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2021

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tom Vol. 67, No. 2

201--205

EN

We propose the proxy threshold signature scheme with the application of elegant construction of verifiable delegating key in the ID-based infrastructure, and also with the bilinear pairings. The protocol satisfies the classical security requirements used in the proxy delegation of signing rights. The description of the system architecture and the possible application of the protocol in edge computing designs is enclosed.

5

Pełnomocnictwo opiekuńcze w systemie prawnym Anglii i Walii

88%

Pielak A.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2023

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tom 32

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nr 4

617-653

EN

The article describes the lasting power of attorney in the Anglo-Welsh legal system since 2005 with reference to the derogated enduring power of attorney and the main principles of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Attention is drawn to various new elements of the legal construction for lasting power of attorney with regard to common law. The elements that provoke disputes in doctrine and jurisprudence (such as the concept of acting in the best interests of the principal) are also discussed. The final section of the article provides an assessment of the regulation.

6

Countering terrorism in the shadows: The role of private security and military companies

88%

Hlouchova I.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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tom Vol. 31, No. 4

155--169

EN

The article identifies the main features of the PSMCs’ involvement in counterterrorism operations and outlines what their future involvement might look like with its implications for international peace and security. The main methods used to gather data and to draw inferences are a content analysis of relevant primary and secondary sources, and a discourse analysis, used as a method of examining the prevailing discourse surrounding the activities of PSMCs, seeking to understand the level of transparency, accountability and attributability of these actors. So far, the PSMCs’ potential for counterterrorism has not been fully exploited. There are many challenges surrounding the existence and operations of PSMCs, mainly lack of transparency and accountability, the continuous significance of the plausible deniability and political expediency PSMCs provide to nation governments, and an insufficient and inadequate international regulatory and control framework with no sanction or enforcement mechanisms. Most recently, the tendency to re-legitimise PSMCs’ activities can be identified. There will most probably be an expansion of PSMCs’ activities in the near future, as climate change consolidates security as a commodity, not a right. Therefore, there is a renewed urgency for adequate and effective international regulatory and control mechanisms on their activities on the international level.

7

Countering terrorism in the shadows: The role of private security and military companies

88%

Hlouchova I.

Security and Defence Quarterly

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2020

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tom 31

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nr 4

155-169

EN

The article identifies the main features of the PSMCs’ involvement in counterterrorism operations and outlines what their future involvement might look like with its implications for international peace and security. The main methods used to gather data and to draw inferences are a content analysis of relevant primary and secondary sources, and a discourse analysis, used as a method of examining the prevailing discourse surrounding the activities of PSMCs, seeking to understand the level of transparency, accountability and attributability of these actors. So far, the PSMCs’ potential for counterterrorism has not been fully exploited. There are many challenges surrounding the existence and operations of PSMCs, mainly lack of transparency and accountability, the continuous significance of the plausible deniability and political expediency PSMCs provide to nation governments, and an insufficient and inadequate international regulatory and control framework with no sanction or enforcement mechanisms. Most recently, the tendency to re-legitimise PSMCs’ activities can be identified. There will most probably be an expansion of PSMCs’ activities in the near future, as climate change consolidates security as a commodity, not a right. Therefore, there is a renewed urgency for adequate and effective international regulatory and control mechanisms on their activities on the international level.

8

Granice umocowania prokurenta samoistnego

75%

Susło J.

Przegląd Prawa i Administracji

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2018

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tom 115

57-67

EN

The article presents the scope of an independent proxy authorization and reviews the provisions where a controversy arises in academic interpretation. The paper primarily focuses on the exemplification of the acts performed by the proxy by regrouping those acts into judicial, non-judicial and commercial ones. Finally, the author draws attention to a catalogue of the activities that can be undertaken by an independent proxy provided that he receives the special power of attorney. The catalogue placed in the Civil Code is not clear for both: the judiciary and the doctrine, thus it should be changed by the legislator. This study provides the readers with de lege ferenda solutions on the legislative vacuum of the independent proxy regulation.

9

Nienależyte umocowanie pełnomocnika jako przesłanka nieważności postępowania

75%

Barańska A. M.

Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne

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2018

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tom 25

93-108

EN

The paper covers a nullity of the proceedings arising out of case where the representative of a party was not duly empowered within the meaning of the article 379 point 2. and the article 401 point 2. of the Polish Code of Civil Procedure. In practice this premise causes a lot of difficulties due to missing law permitting straight approval of procedural actions performed by a representative improperly empowered — having considered that categorical rejection of such an opportunity not always seems to be the right and justified decision. In the contents of the paper attention is paid to the fact that it is incorrect to equate the case in which a person was not able to perform as a proxy with the situation where the representative was improperly empowered. The first case entails the invalidity of the proceedings, while the latter may be subject to legitimization, as a result of a subsequent confirmation of the procedural actions taken by an empowered person. Finally, the issue of the admissibility of reporting such a violation by a party to the proceedings as well as their legal interest in such an action is raised. Such an analysis will permit to indicate the differences between cases along with an attempt to indicate a possible procedure when it occurs.

10

ID-based, Proxy, Threshold Signature Scheme

75%

Pomykała J. , Kułakowski H. , Sapiecha P. , Grela B. , Pomykała J. , Kułakowski H. , Sapiecha P. , Grela B.

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11

Udział osoby działającej jako pełnomocnik strony, która nie może pełnić tej funkcji a dopuszczalność potwierdzenia czynności dokonanych przez tę osobę

65%

Niedźwiecki M.

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2020

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nr 2(222)

52-69

EN

The text presents the issue of the possibility of a party confirming actions in proceedings carried out by a person acting as a party's representative, who, however, is not eligible to be a representative. According to the Code of Civil Procedure, parties and their organs or statutory representatives may personally act before a court, or through proxies. The catalog of those who may be proxies has been strictly defined in the procedural act and is exhaustive. In the context of this regulation, the judicature presents different views on what are the results of actions undertaken by a person from outside of this catalogue, who is yet acting as a proxy and the possibilities of validating the action undertaken by such a person. According to one view, in case of validation of the actions undertaken by such person, it is impossible to consider the entire proceeding as invalid according to article 379 point 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure. According to a different approach, such a situation always leads to invalidation of the proceeding due to the proxy’s lack of empowerment. The article presents a broad perspective of the views expressed in the literature, especially prominent specialists dealing with the issues of civil proceedings, as well as a wide range of resolutions and rulings of the Supreme Court. The author conducts an in-depth interpretative analysis of the provisions enabling parties to be replaced by proxies, describing completely divergent views leading to the final conclusions closest to the author. The study presents a prevailing line in doctrine and case law, also supported by the author of the study, indicating the stabilization of legal thought in relation to the mandatory rules of Polish civil procedure. It a significant point that actions are recognized as unconditionally invalid when carried out by persons who are not eligible to be a representative at all.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono kwestię możliwości potwierdzenia przez stronę czynności dokonanych przez osobę działającą jako pełnomocnik strony, która jednak nie może być pełnomocnikiem w postępowaniu cywilnym. Zgodnie z Kodeksem postępowania cywilnego strony i ich organy lub przedstawiciele ustawowi mogą działać przed sądem osobiście lub przez pełnomocników. Katalog osób mogących być pełnomocnikami został ściśle określony w ustawie procesowej i ma charakter zamknięty. Na tle tej regulacji w orzecznictwie sądów dostrzegana jest rozbieżność poglądów w odniesieniu do skutków występowania w charakterze pełnomocnika procesowego osoby nieuprawnionej oraz możliwości ewentualnego zatwierdzenia czynności dokonanych przez taką osobę. Z jednej strony wskazuje się, że w razie potwierdzenia czynności wyłączona jest możliwość uznania postępowania za nieważne na podstawie art. 379 pkt 2 k.p.c. Z drugiej strony podkreśla się, iż sytuacja taka zawsze prowadzi do nieważności postępowania wobec braku należytego umocowania pełnomocnika. Artykuł przedstawia poglądy prezentowane w doktrynie i judykaturze. Autor przeprowadził analizę interpretacyjną przepisów umożliwiających zastępowanie stron postępowania przez pełnomocników, opisując rozbieżne poglądy, prowadząc do końcowych konkluzji, wskazujących na bezwzględną nieważność czynności dokonanych przez osoby, które w ogóle pełnomocnikiem być nie mogły.

12

Prokura łączna mieszana w zakładzie ubezpieczeń

63%

Kot A.

Wiadomości Ubezpieczeniowe

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2016

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nr 2

125-134

PL

W orzeczeniu z dnia 30 stycznia 2015 roku Sąd Najwyższy stwierdził, że niedopuszczalne jest udzielenie prokury z zastrzeżeniem, iż prokurent może działać tylko łącznie z członkiem zarządu. Jednocześnie odmówiono możliwości wpisania prokury łącznej mieszanej do rejestru przedsiębiorców. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest zbadanie, czy prokura łączna mieszana może być wykorzystywana przez zakład ubezpieczeń działający w formie spółki akcyjnej oraz jakie konsekwencje w tym zakresie rodzi uchwała III CZP 34/14

EN

This article is focused on the joint mixed proxy in the insurance company which acts as a joint stock company. The author explains what the joint mixed proxy is in Polish law and presents relations between the joint mixed representation and the joint mixed proxy. Moreover, a subject of analysis is the resolution of the Supreme Court of 30 January 2015, file No. III CZP 34/14, and the consequences of this resolution. The Supreme Court decided that the joint mixed proxy is inadmissible and, as a consequence, registration of this type of proxy in the National Court Registers is not allowed. The above-mentioned problem is considered from the perspective of the insurance company.

13

Pełnomocnictwo do zawarcia małżeństwa w prawie kanonicznym i w polskim prawie cywilnym

63%

Szustak S.

Kościół i Prawo

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2017

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nr 6 (19) nr 1

249-266

PL

Możliwość zawarcia małżeństwa przez pełnomocnika jest instytucją sięgającą prawa rzymskiego, kanonizowaną na gruncie prawa kościelnego. Jako pierwszy o takiej możliwości w prawie kanonicznym wspominał Gracjan. Szczegółowo tę kwestię uregulował dopiero KPK/17 w kan. 1089-1091. Ustawodawca w KPK/83 w kan. 1105 potwierdza wcześniejsze regulacje. Określa zadania pełnomocnika i mocodawcy oraz cechy pełnomocnictwa, które jest wyjątkową formą zawarcia małżeństwa. Taką samą możliwość daje polskie prawo cywilne, stawiając jednak pełnomocnictwu nieco inne wymagania. KKKW pozostawia tę kwestię do rozstrzygnięcia poszczególnym Kościołom sui iuris.

EN

Contracting marriage through the proxy is an institution dating back to the Roman law and canonized under Church law. Gratian was the first to mention about it, but the matter was not regulated in detail before the 1917 Code of Canon Law in can. 1089-1091. The 1983 Code of Canon Law, in can. 1105 confirms the previous regulations, specifies the duties of proxy and the one mandating and also requirements of the mandate. Both Codes still treat it as an extraordinary form of contracting the marriage. The same possibility is offered by Polish civil law, however with different requirements for the mandate. The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches leaves the question to be resolved by particular sui iuris Churches.

14

Wpływ nowelizacji art. 39 k.c. na zasady reprezentowania spółki kapitałowej w umowach pomiędzy spółką a jej członkiem zarządu

63%

Wyrzykowski W.

Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego

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2020

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nr 1

23-28

EN

The representation of capital companies in the activities concluded with members of the management board is an extremely important and practically significant issue. In the literature we can find a number of opposing views regarding the effects of violation of the principles expressed in art. 210 and 379 Commercial and Company Code. The issue of dispute here is the possibility of confirming actions carried out in violation of the standards referred to. This issue is even more relevant due to the fact that in 2018 the provisions of the Civil Code were amended in this respect. The article attempts to determine the impact of the amendment to art. 39 Civil Code on the principles of representing a capital company in contracts and disputes between the company and its members of the management board.

PL

Reprezentacja spółek kapitałowych przy czynnościach zawieranych z członkami zarządu stanowi niezwykle istotną i doniosłą praktycznie problematykę. W literaturze przedmiotu oraz orzecznictwie odnaleźć można wiele przeciwstawnych poglądów dotyczących skutków naruszenia zasad wyrażonych w art. 210 i art. 379 Kodeksu spółek handlowych. Kwestią sporu jest tu możliwość potwierdzania czynności dokonanych z naruszeniem powołanych norm. Sprawa ta nabiera jeszcze bardziej aktualnego znaczenia z uwagi na fakt, że w 2018 r. dokonano nowelizacji w tym zakresie przepisów Kodeksu cywilnego. W artykule podjęto próbę określenia zatem wpływu nowelizacji art. 39 k.c. na zasady reprezentacji spółki kapitałowej w umowach i sporach pomiędzy spółką a jej członkami zarządu.

15

Zaświadczenie o braku okoliczności wyłączających zawarcie małżeństwa w procedurze matrimonium per procura

51%

Świto L. , Tomkiewicz M.

Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego

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2018

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tom 21

323-343

EN

This paper presents normative solutions concerning the issuing procedure, the content and the significance of the certificate of no impediments to marriage in the context of regulations related to marriage by proxy (matrimonium per procura). The principal aim and the research problem posed in the article pertain to the question of the specific circumstances this document concerns. Do the control mechanisms accompanying the issuing of this certificate cover the requirements specified in Art. 6.1 of the Family and Guardianship Code, and do they recognize the specificity of marriage contracted by proxy? What is the actual meaning of the phrase used in Art. 8.1 of the Family and Guardianship Code, stating that a priest “cannot accept the declarations referred to in Art. 2.1 [of the Family and Guardianship Code]” without having been presented with the said certificate, and does the prohibition set forth in this regulation prove that the certificate of no impediments to marriage is the essential factor? The paper puts forward the hypothesis that while the idea itself is undoubtedly justified, the adjustment of the regulations of the Family and Guardianship Code and the Registry Office Records Act to ensure compliance with the Concordat has gone too far in the matter under discussion. It has resulted in the introduction of restrictions establishing a clear primacy of formalism over the favor matrimonii principle and has given rise to different assessments of the nature of the said certificate, including opinions claiming the constitutive nature of this document. For persons intending to enter into marriage in the religious form with civil effects, the requirement to present a legally valid certificate has become a condition basically parallel to other, constitutive conditions to marriage, while this restriction is not of general nature. It does not apply to couples intending to contract marriage before the head of a registry office or a consul (Art. 1.1 and Art. 1.4 of the Family and Guardianship Code), and refers only to those who intend to enter into marriage in the religious form with civil effects. The existing state of affairs can hardly be regarded as appropriate. Another deficiency of the current regulations also arises from the fact that the certificate of no impediments to marriage, although it has gained disproportionate importance, does not “recognize” the specificity of religious marriages with civil effects contracted per procura, and in this case does not duly fulfil its guaranteeing functions.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje rozwiązania normatywne dotyczące procedury wystawiania, treści i znaczenia zaświadczenia o braku okoliczności wyłączających zawarcie małżeństwa, w kontekście regulacji związanych z zawieraniem małżeństwa przez pełnomocnika (matrimonium per procura). Zasadniczy cel i problem badawczy zawarty w publikacji oscyluje wokół odpowiedzi na pytanie, o braku jakich konkretnie okoliczności, dokument ten informuje; czy mechanizmy kontrolne towarzyszące wystawieniu tego zaświadczenia obejmują wymogi określone w art. 6 § 1 k.r.o. i czy dostrzegają specyfikę małżeństwa zawieranego przez pełnomocnika? Co konkretnie oznacza użyte w art. 8 § 1 k.r.o. sformułowanie, iż duchowny „nie może przyjąć oświadczeń przewidzianych w art. 1 § 2 [k.r.o.]” bez uprzedniego przedstawienia mu omawianego zaświadczenia i czy wskazany w tym przepisie zakaz dowodzi, że zaświadczenie o braku okoliczności wyłączających zawarcie małżeństwa ma charakter konstytutywny? Artykuł stawia tezę, że o ile sama idea wystawiania omawianego zaświadczenia jest bez wątpienia słuszna, o tyle dostosowywanie przepisów k.r.o. i p.a.s.c. do Konkordatu poszło w omawianej materii za daleko. Skutkowało ono wprowadzeniem takich obostrzeń, które statuują wyraźny prymat formalizmu nad zasadą favor matrimonii i dają asumpt do zróżnicowanej oceny charakteru tego zaświadczenia, w tym do formułowania tez o konstytutywnym charakterze tego dokumentu. Dla osób zamierzających zawrzeć małżeństwo w formie wyznaniowej ze skutkami cywilnymi wymóg legitymowania się zaświadczeniem mającym moc prawną stał się przesłanką w zasadzie analogiczną do tej, jaką mają inne, konstytutywne przesłanki małżeństwa, przy czym obostrzenie to nie ma charakteru powszechnego. Nie dotyczy ono nupturientów zamierzających zawrzeć małżeństwo przed kierownikiem USC lub konsulem (art. 1 §§ 1 i 4 k.r.o) a odnosi się tylko do tych, którzy zamierzają zawrzeć małżeństwo w formie wyznaniowej ze skutkami cywilnymi. Istniejący stan rzeczy trudno uznać za właściwy. Mankamentem obowiązujących regulacji jest również to, że zaświadczenie o braku okoliczności wykluczających zawarcie małżeństwa, mimo, iż zyskało znaczenie nieproporcjonalne do swej roli, „nie rozpoznaje” specyfiki małżeństw wyznaniowych ze skutkami cywilnymi zawieranymi per procura i w tym przypadku funkcji gwarancyjnych w należytym stopniu nie spełnia.

16

Non-State Actors as Security Providers: Dwekh Nawsha – Sectarian Militia, Counter-Terrorism Partner, or Proxy?

51%

Kozera C. A.

Safety & Defense

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2021

|

tom 3

56--70

EN

Contemporary “premodern” conflicts, or “new wars” are characterized by the de-professionalization of the use of force and the emergence of various non-state actors: warlords, paramilitary units, sectarian militias, proxies, etc., and their growing role as security providers. This paper examines the status, activities and effectiveness of a non-state actor, Dwekh Nawsha (DN), as a security provider in northern Iraq during the Daesh (aka the so-called “Islamic State”) invasion. The author investigates DN’s status as a self-defense group and ethno-religious militia; its independence and proxy status; its effectiveness in realizing self-assumed tasks of providing security to the local population; and group participation in combat operations and in the coalition counter-terrorism endeavors. This article is based on the results of qualitative investigation methods, i.e., interviews with the DN members conducted by the author in Duhok, northern Iraq, in March 2015, follow-up e-mail and telephone exchange, social media analysis, complemented with an overview of existing academic reports, literature, and the news. The research results allow us to conclude that non-state actors can be of various use to local communities, and not necessarily only comb at-related, but also self-assurance for the local population and propagation of their challenges in the international media. However, in order for such a group to exist, it may be necessary to assume patronage and thus become someone’s proxy. Considering DN’s overall limited potential (modest manpower, lack of equipment, diverse training, operational limitations), the author favorably assesses (proportionally to its capacity) the group’s role as a security provider in the Daesh - occupied Iraq.

17

NoPASARAN: a Novel Platform for Analysing Semi-Active elements in Routes Across a Network

51%

Benhabbour I. , Dacier M.

Applied Cybersecurity & Internet Governance

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2022

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tom Vol. 1, No. 1

1--25

EN

In this paper, we propose a novel, collaborative distributed platform to discover the presence, or analyse the configuration, of what we call semi-active elements. By doing so, we revisit the ideas initially proposed in [1, 2] with the Netalyzr tool and in [3] with Inmap-t. Our contributions lie in a simplified and more powerful design that enables the platform to be used for a variety of tasks, such as conformance verification, security testing, network configuration understanding, etc. The specifications, design and implementation choices of the platform are presented and discussed. Two use cases are revealed to illustrate how the platform can be used. We welcome any interest shown by others in deploying our tool in different environments, and encourage any subsequent collaboration in improving its expressiveness.