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EN
Analysis of 664 known structures of protein kinase complexes with halogenated ligands revealed 424 short contacts between a halogen atom and a potential protein X-bond acceptor, the topology and geometry of which were analyzed according to the type of a halogen atom (X = Cl, Br, I) and a putative protein X-bond acceptor. Among 236 identified halogen bonds, the most represented ones are directed to backbone carbonyls of the hinge region and may replace the pattern of ATP-like hydrogen bonds. Some halogen-π interactions with either aromatic residues or peptide bonds, that accompany the interaction with the hinge region, may possibly enhance ligand selectivity. Interestingly, many of these halogen-π interactions are bifurcated. Geometrical preferences identify iodine as the strongest X-bond donor, less so bromine, while virtually no such preferences were observed for chlorine; and a backbone carbonyl as the strongest X-bond acceptor. The presence of a halogen atom in a ligand additionally affects the properties of proximal hydrogen bonds, which according to geometrical parameters get strengthened, when a nitrogen of a halogenated ligand acts as the hydrogen bond donor.
EN
Protein kinase inhibitors, widely exploited for elucidation of the biological functions of kinases, have more recently come under active consideration as potential chemo­therapeutic agents for tumour and other diseases. A brief overview is presented of diverse approaches to the design and development of selective protein kinase inhi­bitors, and related problems such as donor and acceptor specificities, stereochemical aspects, emerging relationships between protein, sugar and nucleoside kinases. In particular, and contrary to popular belief that ATP-competitive inhibifcrs cannot be selective because of the close homology of the ATP catalytic sites, numerous examples are presented of such inhibitors which are both potent and selective for a given kinase or class of kinases. Some of these are undergoing preclinical trials. Attention is also directed to the role of cellular and viral protein kinases in the ljfe cycle of viruses, and the potential of these enzymes, especially those encoded by, and essential for repli­cation of, a given virus as targets for antiviral chemotherapy.
XX
It has been postulated that exoprotein secretion in Trichoderma is related to their O-glycosylation. In the present paper the involvement of phosphodolichol in this process is described and the key role of mannosylphosphodolichol (MPD) synthase in protein O-man- nosylation is discussed. The effect of water soluble phospholipid precursors such as choline and Tween 80, known also to increase secretion of cellulases when added to the medium, on MPD-synthase activity is presented. This effect is positive in the Trichoderma reesei QM 9414 (a low producing strain) but has no influence on the enzyme activity from the RUT C-30 strain selected to overproduce secretion of exoproteins and known to contain an increased cellular amount of endoplasmic reticulum. The positive effect of addition of choline and Tween to the medium on the level of dolichol kinase activity is also demonstrated. The influence of cultivation temperature on the activity of the various enzymes involved in dolichol-dependcnt protein glycosylation i.e. MPD-synthase, dolichyl kinase and MPD/ Protein mannosyl transferase was tested. For all enzymes cultivation at 35°C led to the elevated activity, which was most striking for dolichol kinase, whereas for MPD-synthase and MPD/Protein mannosyl transferase the difference was only apparent in the assay when endogenous phosphodolichol was used as a substrate. Furthermore, lipid extract from the membranes cultivated at elevated temperature, when added to the enzyme obtained from Trichoderma grown at 25°C, enhanced the dolichol kinase activity measured in the absence of exogenous dolichol. All these results suggest that the amount of endogenous dolichol as well as phosphodolichol in Trichoderma might be increased upon cultivation of the fungus at elevated temperature.
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