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nr 22/4
125-134
EN
In order to encourage the minimal reader to reach for Russian literature, one needs to present elements of the foreign reality in such a way that would encourage them to get to know alien phenomena and extend their cognitive base, rather than discouraging them with complexity and strangeness. One of the elements which are rooted in culture and which require proper management in translation are proper names. In translation from Russian into Polish it is worth focusing on managing hypocorisms (diminutives), colloquial forms of vocative and patronymics.
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Content available remote Ekspresywizacja nazw własnych we współczesnych mediach polskich
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2015
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nr 20
123-134
EN
The paper analyses expressive modifications of proper names in the current media. Based on a survey of the existing literature, it explains terms connected to the process of linguistic expressivization, and based on examples excerpted from the media between 2001 and 2015, it makes an attempt at classifying the various linguistic formal-semantic efforts. The analysis has shown that formal-semantic modification aimed at expressivization of proper names can be implemented using different word- -formational, grammatical, syntactic, and graphical operations.
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Content available remote Literární vlastní jména a jejich překlad
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EN
Literary onomastics should pay more attention to the problem of translation of proper names in literature. In translation practice we can see three general attitudes: domestication (substitution of original names by Czech ones), exotization (leaving of original names unchanged because of their exotic atmosphere) or a mix of these methods (some names are translated, some are not). 1 have described several methods of translating proper names: caique (word-for-word translation), transcription (representing a name from one script in another), substitution (change of an original name), explication (adding of information) and generalization (change of a proper name into a common noun).
4
Content available remote Identifikuval'ni sufiksi u Volins'ko-polis'kich variantach imen
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EN
The suffixes in variations of personal names that used to identify a person in one local community and were “tied” to a particular carrier have been analyzed in the article. The author also found many variants created using formants, which were added to the full and truncated word creating bases. These suffixes may be added to appellatives as well as to proper names.
EN
The article analyzes deantroponymic toponyms of Grodno land, recorded in written materials of 15th – 17th centuries in comparison with current data. The origin, structure and evolution of the areal features of Slavic and Baltic names are investigated to conform the language, cultural and historical features of the region. From the historical and etymological point of view different time strata can be allocated. An extensive group was formed by oikonyms of the Baltic and Slavic origin, derived from personal names and nicknames of appellative character. A significant part in the oikonyms group is the group based on foreign-language Christian names. The third group includes settlement names, derived from the ancient complex Indo-European names. The fourth group consists of hybrid of Balto-Slavic names; a typical feature of which is the reconstruction of a Slavic-Baltic bases, which corresponds to the chronology of the development of this territory. Baltic names in the investigated territory, in the form of phonetic and morphological substitution, are the evidence of close Balto-Slavic linguistic and cultural contacts. Many oikonyms of Baltic origin are preserved in the investigated territory as part of modern Belarusian surnames.
PL
Artykuł analizuje toponimy pochodzące od antroponimów na ziemi grodzieńskiej, odnotowane w materiałach piśmiennych od XV do XVII w. i porównuje je z aktualnymi danymi. Celem określenia językowych, kulturowych i historycznych uwarunkowań tego regionu zbadano strukturę i ewolucję przestrzenną cech nazw słowiańskich i bałtyckich. Z historycznego i etymologicznego punktu widzenia można wyznaczyć różne okresy. Liczną grupę tworzą ojkonimy pochodzenia bałtyckiego i słowiańskiego, tworzone od nazw osobowych i przydomków o charakterze apelatywnym. Znaczna część ojkonimów wywodzi się od obcojęzycznych imion chrześcijańskich. Trzecia grupa obejmuje nazwy osad, pochodzące od złożonych nazw indoeuropejskich. Na grupę czwartą składają się hybrydy nazw bałto-słowiańskich, zrekonstruowane od podstaw słowiańsko-bałtyckich, odpowiadające stosunkom etnicznym i historii osadnictwa na badanym obszarze. Nazwy bałtyckie na badanym terytorium, w formie substytucji fonetycznej i morfologicznej, dowodzą bliskich bałto-słowiańskich kontaktów językowych i kulturalnych. Liczne ojkonimy pochodzenia bałtyckiego zachowały się na badanym terytorium jako element występujący we współczesnych nazwiskach białoruskich.
EN
The Hussite Trilogy by Andrzej Sapkowski, comprising the volumes: Narrenturm, Warriors of God and Lux perpetua, is a novel cycle unusually rich in proper names. Nomina propria are a significant element of the linguistic aspect of each literary work, as they obtain extra functions in the text, becoming carriers of artistic values. The article focuses on the most important roles proper names play in The Hussite Trilogy. The author discusses first of all the functions distinguished by Aleksander Wilkoń: locational (based on time and space), sociological, content-based, allusive and expressive, and the comical function introduced into the research on literary onomastics by Maciej Szelewski.
EN
The object of the considerations is the spelling of a subgroup of appellativized or being under the process of appellativization proper names such as: Don Kichot, Zosia Samosia, nowy wspaniały świat, Wielki Brat, siedmiu wspaniałych. Such language units` orthography is clearly unstable, because of some reasons: firstly the doubts about their status (the users' uncertainty whether they are proper or common names), secondly the etymological relations with proper names which are still noticeable even after the change of such units` status (the acquaintance of etymology), and thirdly the writers` habits. As the analysis shows the instability of using capital letters may be the signal of displacement within the lexical subsystem, creation of new units of nomen appellativum character.
EN
Initiated by structuralists at the beginning of the 20th century, the concepts of language and methods of its exploration, in their basic assumption, methodology and approach, remain binding to the present day. Cultivated independently, scientific disciplines, such as Linguistics and Speech Competence, have been constituted in Germany thanks to Ferdinand de Saussure's concept of language and the division of areas of scientific interests into linguistique de la langue and linguistique de la parole. Since the time of de Saussure, as part of the latter discipline, different research has been being conduceted, includin 'speech' (in its broadest sense) being studied as an act. After more than a hundred years, work on the codification of the standard German pronunciation is still being conducted in the Department of Speech Competence and Phonetics in Halle. The studies in question are based on actual language convention, current technical possibilities as well as the capability to carry out research pursuant to a diverse language corpus and sociophonological methods. As part of this work some studies are also being conducted on the pronuncitaion of proper names that coe from different languages and that have currently appeared in public use. The research of English, Russian and Polish names has gained a particular momentum in accordance with the so-called moderate germanization of pronunciation by Hans Krech. This article presents the concept of the research conducted, emphasizing the pronunciation of Polish proper names.
EN
Warmia and Mazuria are lands where ethnic population totally changed twice through the centuries. Till the end of the 18th century, anthroponymy featured solely in scarce monographs and minor articles. Personal names appearing in the individual bailiwicks chiefly reflect diversified influence of Polish and German anthro-ponymy. Population changes after World War II also resulted in a replacement of surname types appearing in those regions. At that time one could observe a major influence – due to non-linguistic reasons – of personal names of East Slavic origin which can be clearly seen both in the stems and in the morphological exponents of these names.
EN
Paper provides the basic problems regarding the setting the connotative values of proper names for the dictionary. Author proposes that following linguistic phenomena have to be considered: metaphorical usage of proper names, words from proper names, phrasal constructions, as well as collocations with proper names. All these phenomena makes it possible to get the connotative characteristics of the names. Tentative and sketchy remarks that are considered in the paper may to be useful to preparing the entries for, which is being written by the author.
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Content available All the Superhero’s Names
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EN
In this paper I concern myself with The Superman Puzzle (the phenomenon of the substitution failure of co-referential proper names in simple sentences). I argue that the descriptive content associated with proper names, besides determining the proper name’s reference, function as truth-conditionally relevant adjuncts which can be used to express a manner, reason, goal, time or purpose of action. In that way a sentence with a proper name “NN is doing something” could be understood as “NN is doing something as NN” (which means “as-soand-so”). I argue that the substitution of names can fail on modified readings because the different descriptive content of proper names modifies the main predicate differently. Here I present a formal representation of modified predicates which allows one to model intuitively the different truth-conditions of sentences from The Puzzle.
EN
In my text, I ask—investigating mainly the works of Freud, Lévi-Strauss, and Kafka— if humanity empowered by kinship or even contamination with other species would be a sick society, frail and ill-selected, or whether it would rather be a society which is active and audacious, devoid of the traces of resentment towards other living beings. I analyze the mono-individual species (the term was formulated by Lévi-Strauss) on the basis of examples which are clinical (Freud’s Hans, Sándor Ferenczi’s little Arpad), literary (Kafka’s Gregor Samsa), and also those borrowed from mass culture (Spider- Man and Batman) in order to illustrate the course of the process of domestication of the animal as well as the dedomestication of the human and their consequences for delineating an uncertain boundary between a human and an animal in the contemporary world.
PL
W artykule rozpatrywany jest zakres i przedmiot medioonomastyki w kontekście założeń i współczesnej problematyki mediolingwistyki w koncepcji B. Skowronka. Takie spojrzenie pozwala rozpatrywać nazwy własne z jednej strony jako znaki językowe, a z drugiej – jako element przekazu medialnego. Omówione są podstawowe założenia mediolingwistyki oraz współczesne tendencje, które wpływają na jakość przekazu w mediach oraz mogą być uwzględnione przy opisie nazewniczej warstwy języka mediów. Należą do nich: konwergencja, dyferencjacja (po stronie nadawców i odbiorców), formatowanie, internetyzacja, ideologizacja oraz konsumpcjonizm.
EN
In the article, the author considers some issues in medioonomastics in light of B. Skowronek`s model of medialinguistics. Such a perspective makes it possible to analyze proper names as linguistic signs on the one hand, and as elements of media message on the other hand. Basic assumptions of medialinguistics are explained, as well as some contemporary trends that influence media messages and that may be taken under considerations in an onomastic analysis of the language of mass media. The trends are as follows: convergence, differentiation (both on the part of receivers and broadcasters), formatting, internetization, ideologization and consumerism
EN
The scope of this paper is a problem of a simile including a proper name. As it was claimed by Lech Krajewski, it is possible to create a simile on the basis of selected, stereotypical features of object names. This characteristic is clear when it comes to similes with proper names. Such similes are, as well as metaphors and words-from-names, one of the most important connotative expressions that were taken under consideration during the work on “A Dictionary of Proper Names, Metaphors and Connotaions’’.
PL
W artykule omówiono zjawisko wykorzystania w języku publicystycznym tekstów precedensowych. Na wybranych przykładach pokazano rolę, jaką pełnią teksty precedensowe w rosyjskich tekstach publicystycznych. Na podstawie analizy tego typu tekstów wprowadzono typologię z uwagi na ich źródło i sposoby wykorzystania.
EN
The contemporary discourse in the media in Russia is characterized by its high degree of saturation with intertextuality. Describing this phenomenon Russian linguist Yuri Karaułow introduced the term "precedent text " (прецедентные тексты) into a wide scientific circulation. He understood it as a well-known and understandable text, in literary works, essays, videos, proverbs etc., to which the interlocutors link in the situation of communication with other people. Thus, such texts form a special canon in a given language area. Using a descriptive method and statistical analysis the author has analyzed the phenomenon of precedent texts in selected examples from the Russian press. This paper deals with the stylistic specificity and the organization of journalistic texts using precedent titles.
PL
W artykule przedstawione są wyznaczniki gatunkowe tzw. fantasy humorystycznej oraz analiza nazewnictwa występującego w tego typu utworach. Nazwy własne (antroponimy, toponimy) oraz deskrypcje jednostkowe pełniące funkcję nazw własnych posiadają różne źródła ekspresywności, np. naruszanie zamkniętości klasy imion, wyzyskiwanie humorystycznych apelatywów w podstawach onimów, podkreślanie obcości leksykalnej nazw własnych, paronomazja, ekspresja fonetyczna itp. Takie nomina propria pełnią najczęściej funkcje semantyczną, ekspresywną i intertekstualną poprzez odwołania do nazw własnych z innych tekstów literackich oraz ich modyfikacje. Znaczenie nazwy własnej najczęściej odczytać można w kontekście, w którym nazwa ta się pojawia. Utwory zaliczane do fantasy humorystycznej zawierają ciekawy typ nazewnictwa, łączący wyznaczniki kilku nurtów onomastyki stylistycznej: realistycznego, semantycznego, ekspresywnego i fantastyczno- baśniowego.
EN
The article discusses features of comic fantasy and analyses names occurring in the texts representative of the genre. Proper names (anthroponyms, toponyms) and individual descriptions that serve the function of proper names have different sources of expressiveness. They include violating of the confinement of classes of personal names, using humorous appellatives in the stems of onyms, emphasizing foreign origins of proper names, and phonetic expression. Nomina propia discussed in the article most often serve the semantic, expressive or intertextual function through references to proper names in other literary texts and their modifications. The meaning of a given proper name can be usually understood in the context. The names in comic fantasy texts are extremely interesting since they combine features of different stylistic onomasty: realistic, semantic, expressive and fantastic.
PL
Food trucki są niezwykle popularnymi wśród młodych ludzi miejscami, gdzie nie tylko się je, ale także kształtuje i podtrzymuje z jednej strony poczucie indywidualizmu, z drugiej – przynależności do określonej grupy. Moda na food trucki łączy się bowiem z kulturowym trendem slow. W polskim, przede wszystkim internetowym dyskursie kulinarnym wyrażenie food truck ma szereg bliskoznacznych określeń: jadłowóz, jadłodajnia, bar/knajpka na (czterech) kółkach, samochód/ciężarówka z jedzeniem, uliczne żywienie, mobilna gastronomia, gastronomiczny punkt obsługi, ruchomy punkt gastronomiczny. Niezwykle interesująco kształtują się nazwy własne barów, będące pierwszym i zarazem najważniejszym komunikatem wysyłanym przez nadawcę (właściciela baru) do potencjalnych klientów poszukujących nie tylko niedrogiego i zdrowego jedzenia, ale także kierujących się szczególnymi potrzebami intelektualno-estetycznymi. Nazwy modnych mobilnych i stacjonarnych barów nie pełnią jedynie funkcji identyfikującej, ale także autoprezentacyjną, informacyjną, perswazyjną, ludyczną, kreatywną, wskazują na pewne wartości i styl życia.
EN
Food trucks are very popular among young people. Those are places not only to eat, but also to create and maintain both, a sense of individualism, and a sense of belonging to a particular group. The fashion for food trucks, in fact, converges with the cultural trend of slow. In the Polish culinary discourse, primarily online discourse, the expression food truck has a number of synonymous terms: jadłowóz, jadłodajnia, bar/knajpkana (czterech) kółkach, samochód/ ciężarówka z jedzeniem, uliczne żywienie, mobilna gastronomia, gastronomiczny punkt obsługi, ruchomy punkt gastronomiczny. Extremely interesting, however, is the creation of bar names, which are the first and also the most important messages sent by the sender (the bar owner) to prospective customers who are looking not only for inexpensive and healthy food, but who are also driven by particular intellectual and aesthetic needs. The names of trendy mobile and stationary bars serve not only identifying function, but also self-presentational, informative, persuasive, ludic, or creative functions, indicating certain values and lifestyles at the same time.
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Content available remote Toponyma v názvech českých hraných filmů
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EN
This article deals with toponyms in the names of Czech and Czechoslovak films from the years 1898‒2010. This topic will be also a part of author’s forthcoming dissertation about the names of Czech films. There are only 173 names which contain toponyms from the total amount of 2,293 movie titles. Toponyms are categorized into groups according to lexical denotation. The names of films usually indicate a place where the movie is set in, a place important for the plot of the film or film theme. These are mainly the names of states and territories, names of towns, their parts and streets, buildings and names of mountains and hills. Toponyms often determine the place of origin of the main character too. Most of toponyms refer to the topography of the Czech Republic and the absolutely majority of toponyms refer to the city of Prague. Most of toponyms reflect the reality and has a Czech form.
EN
This article is devoted to the reinterpretation of proper names refering to one of the earliest historical sources concerning Polish history, known as “Dagome iudex” (ca 991–992 BC). The author focuses on the question of how to interpret some uncertain Latinized versions of Slavic names included in this document. For example, some historians interpret Dagome as a bastardized version of the words Ego Mesco dux meaning “I, prince Mieszko”. According to the opinion of the majority of scholars, Alemure might be the city of Olomouc, in Moravia. A paleographical and micro-philological analysis leads the author to the conclusion that these Medieval Latin forms should be transcribed as follows: Dagome – Tągoma, Misica – Mieszek, Schinesgne – Gniezno and Alemure – Lemiesza. In the author’s opinion, the document provides a description of Polish western borders including the Lower Silesia and ending at the Lusatian Neisse and the Oder, at the end of tenth century. A new interpretation of the document is discussed, suggesting that the main purpose of Mieszko was problably to prevent German territorial claims on the borderlands.
PL
Teksty gier komputerowych występują w nowej przestrzeni cyfrowej, nawiązują jednak do tradycyjnych tekstów literackich i pozaliterackich. Można w nich dostrzec różne procesy stylizacyjne, które wpływają na strukturę nazw własnych, przede wszystkim archaizację potwierdzającą występowanie quasi-średniowiecznego świata przedstawionego w grze. Onimy w tekstach cRPG są zróżnicowane pod względem proweniencji językowej, a wpływ na ich strukturę i znaczenie mają zainteresowania, zwłaszcza literackie, ich twórców, czyli autorów gry i samych graczy. Nazwy własne znajdujące się w tekstach gier komputerowych jako przejrzyste semantycznie deskrypcje jednostkowe charakteryzują nazywane przez siebie obiekty, a jako nieczytelne semantycznie, często sztuczne, formy nazewnicze informują odbiorców tekstu o obcości i czasowym oddaleniu opisywanego uniwersum. W cRPG zauważamy współwystępowanie tych dwóch grup onimów.
EN
The texts of computer games exist in a new digital space, yet they refer also to the traditional literary and non-literary texts. They exhibit different stylistic features that affect the structure of proper names, especially archaization that confirms the presence of a quasi-medieval world in the game. Onyms present in cPRGs are diverse linguistically, and their structure and meaning reflect the interests, especially literary, of their creators, that is both authors and players. The names found in the texts of computer games as semantically clear individual descriptions characterize the objects they refer to, and as semantically unclear, or artificial, they inform the players of the strangeness and temporal distance of the described universe. Computer Role Playing Games are characterized by the presence of both these groups of onyms.
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