Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Postęp w bezpieczeństwie jądrowym od czasów Czarnobyla

100%

Składzień J. , Bury T.

Spektrum

|

2007

|

tom nr 6

IX-XIX

PL

Względy bezpieczeństwa stanowią nadrzędne kryterium warunkujące rozwój techniki reaktorowej. Ocena bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowych jest procesem złożonym i prowadzi się ją zarówno na etapie projektowania jak i eksploatacji obiektu. Opisano filozofię bezpieczeństwa elektrowni jądrowych. Przedstawiono rozwój systemów bezpieczeństwa reaktorów wodnych. Wymieniono zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa w blokach z reaktorami jądrowymi.

EN

Safety reasons are the primary criterion conditioning reactor engineering development. Evaluation of NPPs safety is a complex process and it is carried through all the time both on object designing and exploitation stages. Described is safety philosophy of NPPs. Presented is water reactor safety systems development. Mentioned are safety problems concerning nuclear reactor units.

2

Współczesny inżynier i jego prestiż (Komunikat)

100%

Gierlotka S.

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy i Ochrona Środowiska w Górnictwie

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2022

|

tom nr 8

14--16

PL

W okresie powojennym inżynierowie postrzegani byli jako główny czynnik rozwoju gospodarczego i cieszyli się prestiżem. Uczelnie, wręczając absolwentom dyplomy, dawały rekomendację ich wiedzy i umiejętności. Współcześnie obserwuje się masowość kształcenia na poziomie wyższym i spadek prestiżu zawodów inżynierskich, a na politechnikach organizuje się nawet specjalności półhumanistyczne. Tymczasem przemysł potrzebuje wysoko kwalifikowanych inżynierów, o dużej wiedzy, posiadających praktykę w zawodzie. Obecnie dyplom inżyniera nie daje takiej gwarancji. Ich osiągnięcia są ponadto przyjmowane jako rzecz oczywista i tylko wyjątkowo zdarza się, że wybitny inżynier doczeka pamięci i uznania potomnych.

EN

The effects of engineers' work are their main source of wealth. In the post-war period, engineers were perceived as the main factor in economic development, and enjoyed a high repute. In giving students their well-deserved diplomas, universities provided a recommendation for their knowledge and skills. What we are witnessing today is mass higher education and the decline of engineer professions. Light, easy and pleasant courses have become in fashion, and semi-humanistic majors have been organized in technical universities. At the same time, the industry craves for high-skilled engineers, with vast knowledge in mathematics, physics and general technical sciences. Practice in the profession is also very important. Today, an engineer's diploma does not give you any guarantee. The ethos of engineer was replaced by prestige based on money and wealth. Engineers'accomplishments are taken as a given, whereas the media only tend to focus on their failures (disasters, breakdowns). It is very rare that an outstanding engineer gains the recognition of their contemporaries. However, these are the works of engineers that have transformed the world, making the current living conditions better than before. Few people today can tell who e.g., John Bardeen was. However, if it wasn't for his transformer, there would be no radio, TV, mobile phones, GPS or computers. Yet, the inventor of this breakthrough device remains anonymous.

3

Conceptual Foundations of Progress in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

100%

Drogosz A.

Acta Neophilologica

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2012

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nr XIV/2

121-128

EN

The objective of this article is an analysis of those conceptual metaphors and analogies used by Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species which introduce the notion of progress to the concept of evolutionary change. The analysis covers the analogy between artificial and natural selection, conceptual metaphors of journey, struggle and tree with the UP – DOWN schema. We demonstrate that some aspects of these metaphors make progress an inherent part of the concept of evolution.

4

Development of the writing skills of students in compulsory education in Spain

100%

Gallego Ortega J. L. , Fuentes A. R.

The New Educational Review

|

2015

|

tom 42

52-64

EN

Acquiring writing skills requires an entire academic lifetime but acceptable levels of proficiency should be covered in compulsory education. This research verifies the beginner, intermediate and advanced levels of writing skills in the Spanish education system. It compares both the development of knowledge and the associated difficulties in interviews with 40 students from the even years of primary and secondary education. Descriptive and correlational analyses were made, after coding their statements according to the theoretical model used. They revealed an unexpected stagnation, depending on the levels, with important educational implications.

5

Możliwości oraz perspektywy wdrożenia autonomicznej komunikacji miejskiej w Polsce

100%

Mach B. , Skrzypek M.

Journal of TransLogistics

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2019

|

tom Vol. 5, nr 1

11--23

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zbadanie możliwości wprowadzenia autonomicznego zespołu komunikacji miejskiej w Polsce. Autorzy w swojej pracy przedstawili perspektywy implementacji autonomicznych pojazdów na terenie naszego kraju. Zobrazowali testy przeprowadzane za granicami Polski oraz w jej obszarze zawierające kwestie bezpieczeństwa i opłacalności danego przedsięwzięcia. Poruszyli problematykę korzyści i zagrożeń dotyczących powyższego tematu. Za pomocą ankiety przebadano mieszkańców pod kątem zebrania opinii i oceny zagadnienia innowacyjnej technologii. Wnioski badań mogą wskazać, czy Polscy obywatele są gotowi na zmiany pod względem mentalnym.

EN

The purpose of this article is to examine the possibility of introducing an autonomous urban transport system in Poland. In their work, the authors presented perspectives for the implementation of autonomous vehicles in Poland. They illustrated the tests carried out abroad and in the area of Poland containing the issues of safety and cost-effectiveness of a given undertaking. They discussed the problems of benefits and risks related to the above topic. By means of a questionnaire, the residents were surveyed to collect opinions and evaluate the matter of innovative technology. The conclusions of the research may point out whether Polish citizens are ready for changes in mental aspects.

6

From Domination to Autonomy: Two Eras of Progress in World-sociological Perspective

88%

Wagner P.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2015

|

tom 2

27-44

EN

In recent decades, the belief in progress that was widespread across the two centuries following the French Revolution has withered away. This article suggests, though, that the diagnosis of the end of progress can be used as an occasion to rethink what progress meant and what it might mean today. The proposal for rethinking proceeds in two big steps. First, the meaning of progress that was inherited from the Enlightenment is reconstructed and contrasted with the way progress actually occurred in history. In this step, it is demonstrated that progress was expected through human autonomy, but that it was actually brought about by domination and resistance to domination. A look at the short revival of progress after the middle of the twentieth century will confirm this insight and direct the attention to the transformation of the world over the past half century, on which the second step focuses. This socio-political transformation is analyzed as spelling (almost) the end of formal domination. The current era has often been characterized by the tendencies towards globalization and individualization as well as, normatively, by the increasingly hegemonic commitment to human rights and democracy. A critical analysis of the current socio-political constellation, however, shows that the end of formal domination does not mean the end of history; it rather requires the elaboration of a new understanding of possible progress. Progress can no longer predominantly be achieved through resistance to domination, but rather through autonomous collective action and through the critical interpretation of the world one finds onself in.

7

Progress and Reversions: Movement in the Hermeneutic Circle of Culture

88%

Rosińska Z.

Eidos. A Journal for Philosophy of Culture

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2020

|

tom 4

|

nr 3

76-85

EN

In this essay I present culture as a realm constituted by a circular movement where progress is constantly confronted (and questioned) by different forms of reversions. By progress I mean specifically oriented changes we observe in culture. Many of them are rooted in the development of technology and science, or stem from demographical changes and intercultural influences. Reactions to these changes frequently involve returning to certain forms of behavior or responses that were common in the past but have been later abandoned. I intend to present examples of this phenomenon observed in culture.

8

Postęp, pycha, pokora: Ksenofanes z Kolofonu a Hezjod

88%

Kubok D.

Folia Philosophica

|

2014

|

tom 32

PL

There is a broadly shared belief among historians according to which the ideas of Xenophanes of Colophon (and especially fragment B 18 in Diels Kranz) should be understood as the earliest expression of the idea of progress, a belief in possibility of discovering possibilities of betterment. On the other hand, Hesiod’s story of five generations is usually recognized as a model example of quite the opposite thesis, stressing regress, the fall of humanity. This contradiction is highlighted by the fact that Xenophanes criticises the views on gods from Homer’s and Hesiod’s writings. In this paper I analyse Works and Days by Hesiod as well as remaining fragments of Xenophon’s writings. It seems that Hesiod is first of all interested in diagnosis of the sources of human misery and suffering, and not in describing some historical process of degradation of man. Contrary to this, Xenophanes develops a philosophical framework mostly consisting of epistemological reflection that calls for rejection of the hubris of reason which coincides with hasty and dogmatic judgement of both gods and the world itself. The two thinkers agree that the human fortune, however dependent on gods-established necessity, lays to a degree in man’s own hands thanks to humbleness, piety and wisdom. Thus, their standpoints are not contradictory in historical philosophical perspective, quite the opposite, they agree in belief in progress, in betterment.

9

Świat bez kultury Rozważania na temat konsekwencji rewolucji eugenicznej

88%

Gurczyńska-Sady K.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

|

2017

|

nr 48

105-120

EN

The intention of eugenicists has always been an attempt to repair the state of society by improving the quality of the so‑called human material. These special social reforms lead from the correction of man – conducted by means of cultivation – to the correction of the world in which he lives and develops. Eugenicists believe that if we take care of the quality of the human body, at the same time, we will take care of the quality of our social life. This article discredits this argument by showing the scarcity of the anthropology hidden in theoretical declarations of eugenicists and the naivety of the allegations about the mechanism of the development of culture. The thesis which says that a new better man creates a new and better world is shown to be as an empty dogma. In place of the standard questions about whether the world without “misfits” would be a better world the article asks the question: How would the designed luxury of total security and prosperity influence people? The answer shows that a community after the eugenic revolution is not what we call a society. The conditions of human development under eugenic treatment are not the conditions of the development of culture.

10

Samozapytywanie jako pielęgnowanie mądrości. O pięciu pożytkach płynących z uprawiania „Dociekań filozoficznych z dziećmi”

88%

Depta-Marel D.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

|

2015

|

tom 60(2 (236))

305-317

PL

In her text the author analyses what philosophising with children is. She tries to ponder the question whether it is possible and in what way one could assess progress in the philosophising of students. Taking as a starting point Matthew Lipman’s definition that critical thinking (in this context – philosophical thinking) “requires criteria, is self-correcting and sensitive to context”, she decides to claim that the ability to ask questions is the best test for this kind of thinking. A pedagogical experiment has been conducted in which two groups (a P4C group and a control group) have to write which of the questions that they have asked themselves have changed anything in their lives. It turned out that the PC4 students had questions coming from themselves (as opposed to external situations). These questions were abstract, existential in character, difficult to solve (as opposed to closed-ended questions); they ‘worked’ in the student longer and deeper (as opposed to a quick answer, lack of struggling); they changed the way of thinking of the students (as opposed to changing a particular decision); they remained unresolved (as opposed to finding a quick answer).

11

Samozapytywanie jako pielęgnowanie mądrości. O pięciu pożytkach płynących z uprawiania „Dociekań filozoficznych z dziećmi”

88%

Depta-Marel D.

Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny

|

2015

|

nr 2(236)

305-317

EN

In her text the author analyses what philosophising with children is. She tries to ponder the question whether it is possible and in what way one could assess progress in the philosophising of students. Taking as a starting point Matthew Lipman’s definition that critical thinking (in this context – philosophical thinking) “requires criteria, is self-correcting and sensitive to context”, she decides to claim that the ability to ask questions is the best test for this kind of thinking. A pedagogical experiment has been conducted in which two groups (a P4C group and a control group) have to write which of the questions that they have asked themselves have changed anything in their lives. It turned out that the PC4 students had questions coming from themselves (as opposed to external situations). These questions were abstract, existential in character, difficult to solve (as opposed to closed-ended questions); they ‘worked’ in the student longer and deeper (as opposed to a quick answer, lack of struggling); they changed the way of thinking of the students (as opposed to changing a particular decision); they remained unresolved (as opposed to finding a quick answer).

12

Colonialism in Kant’s Political Philosophy

88%

Williams H.

Diametros

|

2014

|

nr 39

154-181

EN

This article examines the controversy that has arisen concerning the interpretation of Immanuel Kant's account of European colonialism. One the one hand there are those interpreters such as Robert Bernasconi who see Kant's account as all of a piece with his earlier views on race which demonstrate a certain narrow mindedness in relation to black and coloured people and, on the other hand, there are those such as Pauline Kleingeld and Allen Wood who argue that the earlier writings on race are not wholly typical of Kant's approach and suggest that Kant's later discussions of colonialism in Perpetual Peace and the Metaphysics of Morals provide a better indication of Kant's progressive views on the treatment of non-European societies. The article draws attention to the very strong evidence of Kant's dislike for the pattern of European expansion to other parts of the globe and indicates that within Kant's writings there are the seeds of a wholly unconventional critical understanding of western colonialism that have yet to be developed fully. The article suggests that this critical understanding surpasses the unsystematic objections made to colonialism in post - modernist thought and also the critique proffered by the determinist Marxist account.

13

INTRICACIES OF INSTRUMENTAL REASONING

88%

Frieske K. W.

Polityka Społeczna

|

2014

|

tom 41

|

nr 1(10) ENG POLAND IN TIMES OF UNCERTAINTY

1-4

EN

In the first part of the paper plurality of 'narrations' concerning reality is indicated both in public debates and core social sciences. In the second part author suggests that diversity of such 'narrations' is founded either on 'progressive' thinking including our beliefs in possibility to manage public affairs with such means as 'rationalization', forecasting, risk assessment, evidence based decision making, etc. or on uncertainty and social institutions providing patterns of coping with such uncertainty.

14

Modernistyczny terror, czyli krótko o "tunnel vision" Jamesa C. Scotta

88%

Pietryka M.

Studia Litteraria et Historica

|

2013

|

nr 2

EN

The terror of modernism or Scott’s 'tunnel vision' The article analyses James C. Scott’s book Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Scott’s book examines different aspects of a modern state’s activity and its methods of control over the population. Scott describes diverse failures in state planning and links them to the ideology of what he terms “high modernism”. Scott states that this ideology results in over confidence in scientific progress and omnipresent simplifications, since a modernist plan does not recognize the importance of local knowledge and tradition.Though the book clearly illustrates how the fore-mentioned centralist approach leads to failures, its methodology, however, lacks the critical analysis of the nature of governance and liberal economy. Furthermore, Scott offers no insight on the late capitalism nor legible solutions for the described issues. He seems to be unaware of constructing his own “tunnel vision” by selective case studies and building the narration on simplified oppositions. Modernistyczny terror, czyli krótko o tunnel vision Jamesa C. ScottaArtykuł jest analizą książki Jamesa Scotta, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Książka ta bada różnorodne aspekty aktywności współczesnego państwa i jego metody kontroli nad populacją. Autor opisuje rożnego typu niepowodzenia wynikające z państwowego planowania i wiąże je z ideologią nazwaną przez siebie „zaawansowanym modernizmem”. Scott twierdzi, że skutkuje ona pokładaniem nadmiernej wiary w postęp naukowy i wszechobecnymi uproszczeniami, ponieważ modernistyczny plan nie uznaje znaczenia lokalnej wiedzy i tradycji.Choć książka jasno pokazuje, jak wspomniane centralistyczne podejście kończy się porażkami, jej metodologii brakuje krytycznej analizy natury władzy i liberalnej ekonomii. Ponadto Scott pomija temat późnego kapitalizmu i jasnych rozwiązań opisywanych problemów. Wydaje się, iż poprzez selektywne studia przypadku i budowanie narracji na uproszczonych opozycjach nieświadomie konstruuje swoje własne tunnel vision.

15

“Playing catch up”. The notion of needing to accelerate a country’s progress towards a civilised paradise – the Bulgarian version (a proposed entry for a dictionary of peregrinating ideas)

88%

Szwat-Gyłybowa G.

Slavia Meridionalis

|

2014

|

tom 14

EN

“Playing catch up”. The notion of needing to accelerate a country’s progress towards a civilised paradise – the Bulgarian version (a proposed entry for a dictionary of peregrinating ideas)This paper outlines the main stages in the process through which the notion of “needing to catch up” (a belief that the country was in need of accelerated development) became incorporated into the idea of Bulgarian national identity. Since the mid-19th century, Bulgarians have tended to rely on the notion of “needing to catch up” as a way of conceptualising their place among “the civilised nations,” a concept they regard with varying degrees of desirability. I use the concept of “needing to catch up” in the sense of a culturally and politically functional standard or template, which nonetheless cannot function as an independent concept since it belongs to different systems of ideas with their various economic, geopolitical, religious, psychological and cultural aspects. Inseparably wedded to the idea of “needing to catch up” is the idea of “retardation”, which was floated in discussions on the Bulgarian condition even before the Bulgarian state emerged as a political reality. As the national movement grew in strength, these inferiority complexes morphed into their mirror image: a belief that Bulgarians were capable of catching up with Europe in terms of cultural advancement. From the early fascination with the cultural achievements of the “enlightened nation” felt by the so-called “Orthodox Enlightenment” thinkers, through a replication of the Russian discourse, this line of reasoning culminated in Marxist ideology (including propaganda between 1945 and 1989) and the post-1989 politics of persuasion. The bell may be tolling for the time-bound idea of “needing to catch up”, a notion which has exhausted its potential to excite intellectual conflict or struggle, and has very possibly resulted is a self-poisoning of the cultures which indulged in it, only to become doomed to dull, infantile repetition. "Doganianie". Idea przyspieszonego rozwoju w drodze do cywilizacyjnego raju. Wersja bułgarskaArtykuł poświęcony jest prezentacji głównych etapów procesu inkorporowania w tkankę bułgarskiej idei narodowej pojęcia doganiania (przyspieszonego rozwoju), które od połowy XIX wieku pozostaje narzędziem konceptualizacji przez Bułgarów ich (różnie wartościowanego) miejsca wśród „narodów cywilizowanych”. „Doganianie” rozumiem jako kulturowo i politycznie funkcjonalny wzór rzeczy, który jest konceptem niesamodzielnym, należącym do różnych systemów idei, mającym swój aspekt ekonomiczny, geopolityczny, religijny, psychologiczny, kulturowy. Formuła opóźnienia, zintegrowana z ideą doganiania zagościła w dyskusjach nad statusem Bułgarów jeszcze przed zaistnieniem narodu politycznego. Wraz z rozwojem ruchu narodowego kompleksy otrzymały swój rewers w postaci wiary w możliwość zrównania poziomu cywilizacyjnego z europejskim. Ta linia rozumowania prowadziła od pierwszych fascynacji dorobkiem „oświeconych narodów” w ramach tzw. oświecenia prawosławnego, przez odwzorowywanie dyskursu rosyjskiego po myśl marksistowską (z jej propagandową dominantą w latach 1945–89) i polityki perswazyjne po 1989 roku. Wydaje się, że współcześnie mamy do czynienia z podzwonnym dla związanej z czasowością idei doganiania, która wyczerpała swój potencjał agoniczny a może nawet przyczyniła się do „samozatrucia” absorbujących ją kultur, skazujących się na infantylizację i nudę powtórzeń.

16

J. S. Mill and the Art of Compromise

88%

Cejudo R.

Human Affairs

|

2010

|

tom 20

|

nr 4

300-307

EN

The word compromise means a kind of agreement and a concession to something harmful or wrong. I argue that particularly this second sense is quite relevant in the ethics of political action. John Stuart Mill focused upon this issue in his Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform 1859. I outline Mill's doctrine on compromise looking at the external and internal features of an acceptable measure of compromise. These features provide a set of conditions necessary in order for compromise to take place, but they do not guarantee sufficient conditions. In order to assess Mill's political coherence and to draw a general distinction between strategic and ethical compromises the paper concludes by considering two compromise measures that Mill adopted while he was a Member of Parliament.

17

„Чаемое будущее” и „идти вперед” – категория будущего в научном творчестве Михаила Михайловича Бахтина

88%

Szubin R.

Studia Rossica Posnaniensia

|

2022

|

tom 47

|

nr 2

103-114

EN

In the article the scientific works of Mikhail Bakhtin are considered as one text with its own single metaplot. The motive of moving forward (“going forward”) is analyzed and treated as the basis of Bakhtin’s progressive outlook, his hopes for the future and for the dialogue in the Great Time. Attention is drawn to a specific period of the Russian thinker’s intellectual life, that is associated with the departure from the ideas of solipsism. The concept of “I – others” is considered a turning point and is compared with the Copernican revolution, which is carried out in the philosophical worldview of a Russian scientist and then transferred to the studies of the works of Fyodor Dostoevsky. It reveals, in particular, the philosopher’s gradual departure from individual reality and his approach towards personalism. The future for Bakhtin is a creative, active category that determines the present. At the same time it is noted that the forward movement as expressed by the Russian thinker is ambivalent and associated with the turn to the past and the source. Along the way the concepts of memory, the curvature of progress, the idea of historical inversion, etc. are also studied. Besides, Bakhtin’s criticism of the Enlightenment idea of progress, Western rationalism and humanism are mentioned. In this regard Bakhtin’s concept of the rebirth acquires great importance, in which, under the influence of movement towards the future, the past is updated.

18

Piotra Chmielowskiego argumenty przeciw poetom i poezji (w Zarysie literatury z ostatnich lat szesnastu)

87%

Ratajczak W.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

|

2012

|

nr 19

75-84

EN

The article discusses the arguments against poetry that were used in Piotr Chmielowski’s Zarys literatury polskiej z ostatnich lat szesnastu [An outline of the literature of the last sixteen years] by its author. The critic’s intention was to diminish the significance of poetry and, in effect, to push poetry to the margin of literary life. To achieve that, Chmielowski presented a number of examples where modern poetry was not capable of grappling with the problems and challenges of the modern world. Chmielowski also instilled a vision in which writing poems itself appeared to be atavistic and as a relic of an earlier stage of evolution. Since lyric poetry made a particular core of literature, to challenge its position in literature in the name of progress made it possible to question all traditional “authorities”. The author of Zarys indicated examples testifying to the vitality of the novel and future possibilities in the development of this particular genre, whereas his formulated accusations against poetry and poets included their general bad condition (physical, mental and psychical). In addition, Chmielowski accused poetry of insincerity and untruthfulness. With regard to the poetics of the discussed poems, Chmielowski just limited himself to briefly formulated allegations and objections of their rhetoricality and epigonic character.

19

Decentred Geographies: Poetics and Politics of the Avant-garde

87%

Božić Blanuša Z.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

|

2020

|

nr 18

49-66

PL

Thanks to the work of Pascale Casanova, Franco Moretti, David Damrosch and many others, over the past two decades, the concept of world literature has once again become the subject of thorough examination within the field of literary studies, especially in relation to cosmopolitanism and globalization. When it comes to the study of individual national literatures and specific regional contexts, as well as to the definition of comparative literature as a discipline, debates regarding its background, its reach and limitations could not be ignored. World literature thus appears as a heterogenous entity – always manifesting in different contexts in different forms – consistently in dialogical exchange with specificities of a particular literature and culture. Instead of discussing the problematic relation between centre and periphery or criticizing the idea of global literary and cultural canon, the avant-garde as an international and global phenomenon that appears even more radically on the so-called periphery is what is of primary interest to me. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that avant-garde (in its various forms and radical expressions) simultaneously challenges art as an institution and introduces the idea of a decentred geography of world literature.

20

Витоки становлення теорії модернізації як процесу соціальних змін

75%

Бортніков В.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

|

2018

|

nr 8

179-186

EN

The origins of the scientific reflection of modernization as a social phenomenon date back to the 19th century, the time of the formation of evolutionary theory, which was reflected in the works of O. Cont, E. Durkheim, G. Spencer, K. Marx, etc. On the right remark of modern foreign scientists, the modernization theory – is «the phase that has in sociology and theory of the evolution been completed». Modernization, which at one time was interpreted as the emergence of a «new civilization model», forms the vector of transition from survival values to the values of selfrealization, to the further human development, which underlies a powerful emancipation potential. Modernization in the broadest sense is considered as a process of modernizing and improvement of all spheres of social relations; in the narrow one – as a complex set of transformations, which the social system experiences on the way of the evolution from the traditional agrarian society to the urbanized industrial one. The variety of historical experience in the modernization of societies that were (are) at various stages of civilization development, or have significant differences in culture and traditions, question the possibility of a global generalization, the definition of a stable set of institutions, structures, rules or procedures within a unified theory, the deduction of the common patterns that would serve as a benchmark for all countries and peoples. . The proof of this – are the unsuccessful attempts to develop a universal theory of modernization, based on the conceptual foundations of evolutionism by scientists in the second half of the 20th century. The development of the modernization theory started after the Second World War and disseminated in the 1950s–1960s. It should be emphasized that there was no single theory of modernization, even in the 1950s–1960s. As the researchers point out, it was rather a powerful intellectual movement. In its evolution, the modernization theory has conditionally passed three stages: 50–60, 60–70s and 80–90s of the 20th century. The liberalization of political practice and the modernization theory led to a reassessment of the idea of universal progress in historical evolution; to rethink the model of the development of civilizations, the concepts of «modernity» and «traditionalism». All this together contributed to expanding the boundaries of research and taking into account the influence of not only the center on the periphery, but also the periphery on the center. The main thing that one managed to overcome was stereotypical ideas about the civilization mission of the West in relation to other parts of the world, as well as to realize that the future of mankind is the harmonious combination and coexistence of different cultures that are being developed in accordance with its inherent trajectories of social development, rather than in a predetermined direction. Modern science is increasingly focused on the study of unique, critical, bifurcation and other nonlinear processes, where exclusive, to some extent, random events begin to play a special role that becomes relevant to macroevolution, changing the course of human evolution. The suddenness of the social changes taking place in a globalized world does not allow us to confidently determine the perspective models of countries and nations future development. Globalization, like any large-scale process, changes the usual way of life, and, along with many benefits, has painful consequences for some social groups. Globalization, according to modern scientists, «can’t be regarded as an ordinary linear scheme, at least because it in its existence holds both development and destruction at the same time». In addition, there are new challenges that require fundamentally new approaches to their solution.