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Parlament Szwajcarii. Uwarunkowania historyczne i współczesność

100%

ALEKSANDROWICZ M.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2020

nr 6(161)

15-32

The purpose of the article is to define the specific features of the Swiss system. Some of these features could lead to the conclusion that one of the foundations of democracy, the principle of separation of powers, has been normatively rejected in that country. The formula of parliamentary supreme supervision over other authorities, which has been present in Swiss constitutional law since 1848, when literally reading a provision of the Constitution and in isolation from other regulations, may indicate not only an advantage, but even the subordination of the State apparatus to Members of Parliament. It would, therefore, be possible to speak of the dictatorship of the group that won the elections. The reference to historical experience and political practice shows that in Switzerland — although the position of the legislature is normatively dominant — we are dealing not only with a relationship of mutual inhibition of the authorities, but also with their traditionally determined cooperation. If we add to this a factor of control by citizens in the form of numerous and actually implemented solutions of direct democracy, we get an image of Switzerland as a democratic state in which the authorities respect the will of sovereignty.

Funkcje Rady Europejskiej w sferze Unijnej Władzy Ustawodawczej

100%

Szczerba-Zawada A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

2013

nr 1(114)

47-58

The organisational and functional structure of EU institutions is based in the fundamental principle of institutional balance. As a result of the reforms made by the Treaty of Lisbon, it shows explicit references to the principle of separation of powers (in both subjective and objective aspects) which has a prominent place in the national constitutional orders of the Member States. The purpose of this article is to identify those provisions of primary law codifying the powers of the European Council, which — when incorporated into the constitutional orders of the Member States — could be attributed to one of the traditional functions of the legislative power, thus proving the inclusion of the youngest EU institution in the realm of the EU legislative authorities, against the explicit negation of its lawmaking function.