Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Priming aktivující sociální stereotypy a výkon v mentálním testu

100%

Franěk M.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

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2009

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tom 3

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nr 2

1-9

EN

Priming describes a mechanism by which a processing of a certain information or stimulus influences a consequent behavior. The present study examined priming, which activates social stereotypes. It was found that priming, which activated a stereotype of a professor, could lead to improvement in a knowledge task (Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, 1998). We conducted an experiment in a real situation. Undergraduate students (N=131) were asked to complete a mid-term test. Prior to knowledge testing they were primed with stereotypes of a university teacher or a charwoman. The results revealed that students, who were primed with the stereotype of the university teacher performed slightly better than students, who were primed with the stereotype of charwoman. However, significant differences were found only among males majoring in technical and economical subjects. The results are discussed in terms of an effect of stereotype activation on an intellectual performance.

CS

Psychologický termín priming popisuje mechanismus, při kterém má zpracování určité informace vliv na následující činnost. Studie se zabývá primingem aktivujícím určité sociální stereotypy. Bylo pozorováno, že priming, který vyvolává aktivaci stereotypu vzdělaného člověka, může vést ke zlepšení výkonu ve vědomostním testu (Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, 1998). Uskutečnili jsme experiment v reálných podmínkách. Studenti (N=131) psali pololetní test. Těsně před psaním testu proběhl priming na stereotyp univerzitního učitele nebo uklízečky. Výsledky ukázaly, že osoby, které byly před testem vystaveny primingu na stereotyp univerzitního učitele, měly nepatrně lepší výkon než osoby, které byly vystaveny primingu na stereotyp uklízečky. Signifikantní rozdíly mezi oběma podmínkami byly zjištěny pouze mezi muži studujícími technické a ekonomické studijní obory. Výsledky jsou vysvětleny tak, že aktivace určitého stereotypu je spojena s aktivací odpovídajících vlastností, v tomto případě inteligence a vědomostí, což vede ke zlepšení výsledků v testu vyžadujícím vybavování naučených poznatků.

2

Can Achievement Goals be Primed in Competitive Tasks?

71%

Greenlees I. , Figgins S. , Kearney P.

Journal of Human Kinetics

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2014

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tom 40

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nr 1

245-250

EN

This study examined whether achievement goal priming effects would be observed within an overtly competitive setting. Male soccer players (N = 66) volunteered to participate in a soccer penalty-kick taking competition during which they took 20 penalty-kicks on 2 occasions. Following a pretest, participants were allocated to 1 of 5 priming conditions. Immediately prior to the posttest, participants in the priming conditions were asked to complete what was presented as an ostensibly unrelated task that took the form of either a computer task (subliminal priming) or wordsearch task (supraliminal priming). Results revealed that priming had no significant influence on performance.

3

Grunt to dobry grunt

71%

Idzikowski P.

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2009

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tom R. 14, nr 6

37-38

PL

Zadaniem preparatów gruntujących jest zapewnienie trwałego połączenia pomiędzy nowo nakładaną warstwą a podłożem. Ich działanie polega na wzmocnieniu sił adhezji [czyli przyczepności międzywarstwowej] oraz zneutralizowaniu wpływu niekorzystnych parametrów podłoża.

4

Neuvedomovaná aktivácia cieľov v širšej perspektíve sociálneho primingu

62%

Kačmár P. , Lovaš L.

Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)

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2018

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tom 62

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nr 1

75-91

EN

Our daily life is directed by goals. Furthermore, emerging ample body of evidence indicates that goals can be activated non-consciously (Förster, Liberman, & Friedman, 2007) and influence our behavior (Weingarten et al., 2016). However, not necessarily in all circumstances. Therefore, the main aim of the present review is to critically examine the present state of the art of the goal activation from the broader perspective of the social priming literature and current non-replication crisis. The authors argue that such perspective is for the narrower field of goal activation research potentially fruitful. Thus, besides discussing chosen shortcomings, the attention is mainly focused on the depiction of the issue that can help move goal activation research into the new phase – summarization, systematization and potential integration of the complexness of the process of the activation of mental representations and their automatic usage in goal-directed social behavior. In particular, „selfishness“ of goals (Huang & Bargh, 2014), their role as mediators between stimulus and behavior (Weingarten et al., 2016); further role of important moderators (Weingarten et al., 2016); broader self-concept (Wheeler et al., 2007); dynamically simulated responses (Smith & Mackie, 2016); motivational relevance (Eitam & Higgins, 2010); computation of available social resources (Cesario & Jonas, 2014), as well as the a role of misattribution and the focus of attention in the broader situational inferences (Loersch & Payne, 2011) are discussed and summarized, analyzing their contribution to the issue. Furthermore, potential deeper level integration introduced by Schröder and Thagard (2013) is proposed and critically examined in the present goal related context. Moreover, three other potentially fruitful research perspectives are depicted.

SK

Náš každodenný život je riadený cieľmi. Empirická evidencia navyše naznačuje, že ciele môžu byť aktivované nevedome (Förster, Liberman, Friedman, 2007), ovplyvniac tak naše správanie (Weingarten et al., 2016). Nemusí k tomu ale dôjsť za každých okolností. Hlavným cieľom tejto prehľadovej štúdie je preto kriticky preskúmať súčasný stav poznania problematiky aktivácie cieľov zo širšej perspektívy výskumu sociálneho primingu a jeho aktuálnej krízy, spočívajúcej v nereplikovaní výsledkov klasických štúdii. Autori sú presvedčení, že pre užšiu sféru aktivácie cieľov môže byť takýto prístup prínosný. Okrem prediskutovania vybraných nedostatkov sa text zameria predovšetkým na to, čo môže posunúť výskum aktivácie cieľov do novej etapy. Ide o načrtnutie, systematizáciu a potenciálnu integráciu komplexnosti aktivácie mentálnych reprezentácii, ako aj ich následného automatického využitia v na cieľ orientovanom správaní sociálneho charakteru. Konkrétne, „sebeckosť“ cieľov (Huang, Bargh, 2014), ich úloha ako mediátorov medzi podnetom a správaním (Weingarten et al., 2016), širšia rola dôležitých moderátorov (Weingarten et al., 2016); selfkonceptu jedinca (Wheeler et al., 2007); dynamickosti stimulácie odpovedí (Smith, Mackie, 2016); aktuálnej motivačnej relevancie objektu (Eitam, Higgins, 2010); výpočtu dostupných sociálnych zdrojov (Cesario, Jonas, 2014); ako aj úloha chybného atribuovania zdroja informácie a ohniska pozornosti v rámci širšieho usudzovania v danej situácií (Loersch, Payne, 2011) sú prediskutované a sumarizované, analyzujúc ich prínos k téme. Okrem toho je taktiež načrtnutý a v kontexte aktivácie cieľov kriticky ohodnotený prístup Schrödera a Thagarda (2013), potenciálne integrujúci rozmanité modely na hlbšej úrovni analýzy. Záverom sú načrtnuté aj tri iné potenciálne prínosné výskumné perspektívy.

5

Psychological consequences of money and money attitudes in dictator game

62%

Gąsiorowska A. , Hełka A. M.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2012

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tom 43

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nr 1

20-26

EN

According to the research conducted by Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2006, 2008), reminders of money cause people to behave self-sufficiently, and especially to reveal a reduced tendency to charitable behaviour. In this study, we wanted to establish if this tendency would be present in the dictator game, and if so, whether money activation would just change behaviour, or whether it would also change people’s evaluation of their own decisions. We assumed that people who revealed symbolic and instrumental money attitudes would react differently to money activation. As expected, money priming caused smaller money transfers compared to the control condition, and this effect was significant among those with symbolic attitudes toward money. Moreover, participants who transferred at least half of the sum after money activation declared stronger negative emotions and lower satisfaction with the decision than those who made similar transfers in the control condition.

6

The importance of “contextual intelligence” in political leadership audience perception

54%

Zamora R. , Losada J. C.

Central European Journal of Communication

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2014

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tom 7

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nr 1(12)

34-50

EN

Th is article empirically measures the role of “contextual intelligence” (Nye, 2008) to evaluate eff ective political leadership based on intuitive factors dealing with political situations over time. Th is study includes a case study that analyzes the importance of the use of contextual intelligence related to the leadership of the president of the Murcia region (Spain), Ramón Luis Valcárcel, one of the most popular presidents who served as a Spanish regional leader for the longest amount of time. Data were gathered from three representative surveys conducted in three consecutive regional election campaigns (2003, 2007, 2011) to measure the extent to which Valcarcel’s leadership public perceptions were associated with his strategic link to specifi c issues and attributes. Results showed correlations between his public image and perceptions about public prioritized issues each time and attributes connected with citizen expectations demonstrating the eff ectiveness of the contextual factors for constructing political leadership along time.

7

Przygotowanie nasion przed produkcja rozsady

45%

Niewinski D.

Ogrodnik Polski. Magazyn dla Gospodarstw Ogrodniczych

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2004

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nr 10-11

86

8

Processing and Representation of Different Types of Czech Affixes

45%

Julínková R. , Bordag D.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2015

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tom 6

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nr 2

52-75

EN

The study investigates the processing of morphologically complex words in Czech. In Experiment 1 we employed morphological repetition priming to test the Split Morphology Hypothesis, i.e. whether derived and inflected word forms are stored in the same or different manner in the Czech mental lexicon. The results demonstrate significantly larger priming effects for inflected forms compared to derived forms indicating distinct processing of inflection and derivation in Czech; while inflected forms are fully decomposed during language comprehension, derived forms are either not, or only partially. In Experiment 2 we addressed two research questions. First, we tested the psycholinguistic reality of the linguistic distinction between two types of inflective verbal prefixes: (a) “purely” inflective aspectual prefixes (i.e. the prefix turns an imperfective verb into a perfective one as in hřešit (imp.; ‘to sin’) — zhřešit (perf.)) and (b) derivational verbal prefixes (e.g. krátit (imp.; ‘to shorten’) — zkrátit (perf.)). The results did not indicate any evidence that this distinction would be psycholinguistically grounded. Second, we examined the role of semantic transparency of the derivational prefixes in the processing. The experiment delivered evidence of slower processing of opaque derived verbs, most likely caused by double search/reanalysis.

9

Przedsiewne uszlachetnianie nasion

45%

Niewinski D.

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2003

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nr 02

64