To understand the origin of mathematics it seems reasonable to turn our attention to its deep anthropological roots and thus to consider the role of the central nervous system; the evolution of the faculties of thinking, speaking, and understanding symbols; the emergence of mythology, magic and rites; and early geometrical and arithmetical conceptions and their initial development. The article offers a survey of our knowledge on these roots, based upon archaeology, ethnology, psychology, linguistics, cognitive sciences, and it underlines the enormous amount of work done in elaborating primary mathematical ideas in prehistoric times.
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