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1

Podnikání matek malých dětí jako prekérní typ zaměstnání? Srovnání zkušeností podnikatelek s malými dětmi původem z ČR a z Ukrajiny

100%

Marková Volejníčková R. , Švarcová M. , Křížková A. , Formánková L.

Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research

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2019

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tom 20

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nr 2

124-153

EN

Entrepreneurship may be associated with independence and profi t, but it may also be a precarious type of employment. Self-employment is often a strategy for those groups of workers who face marginalisation and disadvantages on the labour market, such as mothers of young children or migrants. In this paper we use an intersectional approach and draw on the theory of precarity to analyse how Czech and Ukrainian entrepreneurs with small children (in the Czech Republic) describe and perceive precarity in self-employment. Our analysis shows that entrepreneurship is a form of precarious work, especially for mothers of young children. Their social position, which forms on the intersection of gender, caring commitments, and/or migration status, serves to constrain or allow certain career choices. While the main source of disadvantage for Czech entrepreneurs is the intersection of gender and caring commitments (e.g. in work-life balance), the social position of Ukrainian entrepreneurs (in the Czech Republic) is much more precarious because of their status as migrants (e.g. their low income from business is further reduced by the cost of private insurance, the paying of remittances, or the repayment of debts for migrating to the Czech Republic).

2

The feminisation of precarity Poland compared to other countries

100%

Polkowska D.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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tom 20

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nr 8

119-135

EN

Precarity applies to people who, in order to survive, need to work in a low-quality job, which is uncertain, temporary, low-paid, with no prospect of promotion, no security and no contract. In this sense, the precariat is a category related mostly to the secondary segments of the labour market according to the concept of the dual labour market. It is also the universal feature of Post-Fordism and the modern working conditions in which women, more often than men are located in the “worst” segment of the labour market. In this context, it is worth noting that since the beginning of the era of globalisation, women have mostly worked in the sectors more uncertain and unstable e.g., in the service industries and trade. It has been feminisation in a double sense of the word: there have been more and more working women, on the one hand, and on the other hand, women have usually taken the flexible jobs. Most of these jobs are precarious work. Precarity combined with job insecurity and low wages leaves the workforce in this group unable to plan for their future or afford a decent life. This article attempts to prove that the threat of precarity is more probable for women than men. This claim is supported by the OECD and Eurostat data on precarity for Poland and other European countries.

3

The Institutional, Structural and Agential Embeddedness of Precarity: an Engagement with Guy Standing

100%

Hardy J.

Warsaw Forum of Economic Sociology

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2015

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tom 6

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nr 11

7-25

EN

Guy Standing's book The Precariat has had a significant impact in stimulating a debate about the changing nature of work across the broad sweep of the global economy. He advances the notion of precarious workers, originally put forward by Italian autonomist Marxists, to suggest that they constitute a new and separate class. This article reflects on the notion of precarious work and addresses the temporal, historical and analytical weaknesses manifest in many accounts by proposing a political economy synthesis. The discussion takes place through the theoretical lens of embeddedness that takes seriously the structures and institutions of capitalism and the agency of workers individually and collectively. First, it is argued that two key influences on the structural embeddedness of precarity are the spatiality of capitalism and its endemic tendency to crisis. Second, the temporal and institutional embeddedness of precarity is discussed in historical and comparative context. Third, the agential influence on embeddedness is examined with regard to the possibility of the self-organization precarious workers and their potential for forging solidarity with other groups. The article concludes that precarious work is intrinsic to capitalism and therefore the precariat cannot be understood as a class in itself. The implications of this for activists is that solidarity needs to be forged between all groups of workers in order to organise for decent and stable employment.

4

“No one will ever be alone again”: Performances of Precarity and Solidarity amid the Greek #MeToo

88%

Fragkou M.

Didaskalia. Gazeta Teatralna

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2022

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nr 167

6-32

EN

This essay considers how #MeToo’s recent iteration in the Greek context has stirred trouble in the theatre, instigating a politics of resistance against obdurate histories of injustice against women’s bodies in the industry whilst also creating spaces for solidarity among performers and theatre makers. My main intention is to examine how the above issues form part of the same ecology of precarity that dovetailed when the Greek #MeToo began to take force. In doing so, I will first focus on two recent major incidents occurring in the country’s flagship state theatre, the National Theatre of Greece, which involved two of its former male artistic directors in order to discuss how debates around precarity and exclusion in the theatre industry were unearthed. I will then shift focus to Greek artists’ self-organizing tactics through the examples of the activist network Support Art Workers and the Actors’ Trade Union who have started developing codes of conduct and strategies to challenge the devaluation and feminization of artistic labour. The article will further make reference to specific developments across the international theatre industry that connect to the tenets of the #MeToo which offer apertures for progressive change in the field of Greek theatre and its institutions.

5

Prekariat i niepełnosprawność – o tymczasowości i niepewności edukacji, rehabilitacji, pracy i życia

87%

Wlazło M.

Interdyscyplinarne Konteksty Pedagogiki Specjalnej

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2014

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nr 6

33-47

EN

The article concerns the links between precarity and disability as the social phenomenons connected with the theoretical problems of exclusion and laws marginality as well as the wider context of the existencial temporariness and uncertainty. There is a clear semantic identity between precarity and disability. The verb to care is the root of the English word precarity and the noun care is present in Polish phrase child of special care which means exactly the same as child with special needs or child with disability. There were given the examples of positive realization of normalization of people with disabilities in the conditions of the neoliberal economy.

6

From Precarious Work to Precarious Social Citizenship: Polish Workers’ Experiences with the Identification Number System in Norway

75%

Schweyher M.

Central and Eastern European Migration Review

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2023

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tom 12

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nr 2

135-152

EN

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the proliferation, rescaling and internalisation of borders. EU citizens who come to work in Norway are registered either with a Fødselsnummer – an identification number designating them as residents of Norway – or with a D-nummer, designating them as temporary migrants in Norway. To be registered with a Fødselsnummer, EU citizens must prove that they intend to live in Norway for at least 6 months, usually with an employment contract of at least 6 months’ duration. EU citizens who are unable to secure long-term employment may not be able to register as residents and may sometimes live with a D-nummer for years. Based on qualitative research with Polish workers and NGOs offering legal advice in Oslo, this article investigates the consequences of being registered with a D-nummer. The article finds that EU citizens with a D-nummer face various, mostly informal, barriers to public healthcare and welfare benefits. Conceptualising the D-nummer as a welfare-bordering technology, the article argues that the identification number system in Norway creates a framework under which precarious work leads to precarious social citizenship. The article offers new insights into the mechanisms of welfare bordering and the stratification between the rights of precarious EU workers and those in secure forms of employment.

7

Polska adaptacja Skali Prekaryjnego Zatrudnienia – badania w grupach pracowników tradycyjnych i wykonujących wybrane nowe formy pracy

63%

Stachura-Krzyształowicz A. , Kapica Ł. , Barańska P.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2023

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nr 4(251)

177-198

PL

Rozwój technologiczny spowodował zmiany w różnych dziedzinach, także w gospodarce, a co za tym idzie, również na rynku pracy. Zmiany te obejmują między innymi rozwój nowych form pracy. Celem badania było wykonanie adaptacji hiszpańskiego narzędzia mierzącego prekaryjne warunki pracy (EPRES II) oraz porównanie warunków pracy pomiędzy pracownikami platformowymi, freelancerami i pracownikami tradycyjnymi. Skala EPRES II została przetłumaczona na język polski. W badaniu wzięło udział 672 polskich pracowników. Przeprowadzona konfirmacyjna analiza czynnikowa potwierdziła oryginalną, 6-czynnikową strukturę narzędzia. Spójność wewnętrzną podskal uznano za akceptowalną. Pozwala to uznać, że polska wersja EPRES-PL wykazuje zadowalające właściwości psychometryczne. Badane grupy zawodowe różnią się pod względem prekaryjnych warunków pracy. Najmniej prekaryjnymi warunkami pracy, z wyjątkiem podskali Niewłaściwe traktowanie, charakteryzują się pracownicy tradycyjni.

EN

Technological development has caused changes in various fields, including the labor market-development of new forms of work. The aim of the study was to adapt the Spanish tool measuring precarious working conditions (EPRES II) and to compare working conditions between platform workers, freelancers and traditional workers. The EPRES II scale has been translated into Polish. 672 Polish employees took part in the study. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original 6-factor structure of the tool. The internal consistency of the subscales was considered acceptable. This allows us to conclude that the Polish version of EPRES-PL has satisfactory psychometric properties. The surveyed occupational groups differ in terms of precarious working conditions. The least precarious working conditions, with the exception of the Vulnerability subscale, are characteristic of traditional employees.

8

Recenzja książki: Adam Mrozowicki, Jan Czarzasty (red.), 2020. Oswajanie niepewności. Studia społeczno-ekonomiczne nad młodymi pracownikami sprekaryzowanymi, Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar

63%

Płucienniczak P. P.

Studia z Polityki Publicznej

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2021

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tom 8

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nr 2(30)

79-83

EN

The article is a review of the book titled Oswajanie niepewności. Studia społeczno-ekonomiczne nad młodymi pracownikami sprekaryzowanymi (2020), edited by Adam Mrozowicki and Jan Czarzasty. The author describes the content of the book, comments on the results, and provides his review.

PL

Artykuł jest recenzją książki Oswajanie niepewności. Studia społeczno-ekonomiczne nad młodymi pracownikami sprekaryzowanymi (2020) pod redakcją Adama Mrozowickiego i Jana Czarzastego. Autor omawia zawartość książki oraz komentuje wyniki badania i sposób ich przedstawienia.

9

Stąpając po niepewnym gruncie. Prekaryjność i bezrobocie w pamiętnikach bezrobotnych Polek i Polaków

63%

Posłuszny Ł. , Karolak M. P. , Kubicki P.

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2020

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nr 1(236)

223-256

PL

W artykule, wychodząc od pojęcia prekaryjności, opisujemy, jak osoby biorące udział w konkursie na pamiętniki bezrobotnych z 2017 roku starają się ograniczyć konsekwencje braku zatrudnienia i jakie trudności z tym związane napotykają. Odwołujemy się przy tym do czterech głównych mechanizmów ochrony związanych z pracą, instytucją państwa, wspólnotą oraz rodziną. Wnioski wskazują na silne powiązanie czterech wymienionych obszarów przeciwdziałania prekaryzacji osób bezrobotnych. Główną rolę odgrywa rodzina, znacznie mniejszą natomiast instytucja państwa oraz wspólnota. Szczególnie negatywnie oceniane są rynek pracy oraz urzędy. W artykule szczegółowo przyglądamy się wysiłkom bezrobotnych w obszarze poszukiwania i wykonywania prac, które wbrew przypuszczeniom podtrzymują, a niekiedy nawet pogłębiają ich prekaryjność. Analizujemy również dwa instrumenty w postaci staży oraz świadczenia pieniężnego na dzieci tzw. 500+. O ile staże nie spełniają swojej funkcji i służą raczej przedłużaniu sytuacji niepewności, o tyle świadczenie 500+, zarządzane w większości przez kobiety, ma raczej pozytywny efekt.

EN

Starting from the notion of precarity, we describe how authors of memoirs of the unemployed try to limit the consequences of unemployment and what difficulties they encounter. We refer to four main areas of protection:work, state institution, community and family. The conclusions point to a strong link between them. The key role is played by the family, while the state institution and the community play less significant role. The labour market and offices are particularly negatively evaluated. In the article we look in detail at the efforts of the unemployed in the area of searching for and performing jobs, which sometimes even deepen their precarity. We are also analysing internships and cash benefits for children, the so-called 500+. While internships do not fulfill their function and rather serve to prolong the situation of uncertainty, the 500+ benefit, managed mostly by women, has a rather positive effect.

10

Tři podoby solidarity a solidarita jako odpověď na strukturální nespravedlnost

63%

Matiaško M.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

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2023

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tom 162

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nr 9

793-808

EN

The paper examines the concept of solidarity as discussed in contemporary political philosophy. It is a concept that has remarkable constitutional-legal relevance, but it has received much less attention than other concepts. In the literature, solidarity is understood as a polysemantic concept and typically three forms of solidarity are distinguished: social, civic and political solidarity. In this paper, I will introduce these three forms of solidarity and then look more closely at civic solidarity. The latter is associated with the concept of the welfare state and draws our attention to the specificities of relations that already emerge in the political community and can produce arrangements that could be described as unjust. And it is precisely the motif of injustice, in its specific form of structural injustice as Iris Marion Young has thought of it, that guides my discussion of civic solidarity and its relevance for constitutional and human rights theory and practice, because it points to specific background phenomena to which we should not be indifferent.

CS

Příspěvek se zabývá pojmem solidarita, jak je diskutován v současné politické filosofii. Jde o pojem, který má pozoruhodnou ústavněprávní relevanci, ale je mu věnováno mnohem méně pozornosti než jiným pojmům. V literatuře se solidarita chápe jako polysémantický pojem a typicky se rozlišují tři podoby solidarity: solidarita sociální, občanská a politická. V tomto příspěvku představím tyto tři podoby solidarity a následně se blíže zaměřím na solidaritu občanskou. Ta je spojována s konceptem sociálního státu a upozorňuje nás na specifika vztahů, které vznikají již v politickém společenství a můžou vytvářet i takové uspořádání, které by bylo možné popsat jako nespravedlivé. A právě motiv nespravedlnosti, a to v její specifické podobě strukturální nespravedlnosti, jak o ní uvažovala Iris Marion Young, provází mou diskusi o občanské solidaritě a jejím významu pro ústavněprávní, respektive lidskoprávní teorii a praxi, protože poukazuje na specifické jevy v pozadí, vůči kterým bychom neměli být lhostejní.

11

Critical Social Analysis of Crisis

63%

Ziotti Narita F. , Morelock J.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2021

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tom 42

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nr 4

7-37

PL

W tym artykule proponujemy krytyczną analizę społeczną kryzysy w świetle szerszych procesów rozwoju kapitalizmu, i przed wszystkim przemian po 2008 roku. Omawiamy pięć podejść rozwijanych w naukach społecznych, które mierzą się z problemem kryzysu i rozwijają teoretyczną refleksję nad problemem. Wskazujemy na wagę prekarności dla uchwycenia bieżącego kryzysu w krytycznym świetle. Tekst przybliża także sześć kolejnych artykułów z tego numeru Praktyki Teoretycznej.

EN

In this article, we offer a critical social analysis of crisis in light of capitalist development and, above all, in the post-2008 world. We discuss five approaches in the social sciences that deal with the problem of crisis and develop some theoretical lines for a critical approach to the theme. We argue that precarity can be an important topic for grasping the current crises via critical approaches. The text also presents the six articles that are part of the issue we edited for Praktyka Teoretyczna entitled “Latency of the crisis.”

12

The Turn to Precarity in Twenty-First Century Fiction

63%

Morrison J.

American, British and Canadian Studies Journal

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2014

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tom 21

|

nr 1

10-29

EN

Recent years have seen several attempts by writers and critics to understand the changed sensibility in post-9/11 fiction through a variety of new -isms. This essay explores this cultural shift in a different way, finding a ‘turn to precarity’ in twenty-first century fiction characterised by a renewal of interest in the flow and foreclosure of affect, the resurgence of questions about vulnerability and our relationships to the other, and a heightened awareness of the social dynamics of seeing. The essay draws these tendencies together via the work of Judith Butler in Frames of War, in an analysis of Trezza Azzopardi’s quasi-biographical study of precarious life, Remember Me.

13

Multiplied insecurity. The Japanese classical musicians on the Polish and French labor market

51%

Kowalczyk B.

Problemy Polityki Społecznej. Studia i Dyskusje

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2018

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nr 43(4)

85-105

EN

The purpose of this article is to analyze the dynamics of trajectories of Japanese classical musicians residing in Europe — in Poland and France — who, by their professional qualifications, fall into a category of highly skilled professionals, yet at the same time experience their situation of migration similarly to economic migrants, or middling migration (Scott, 2006; Boyle, 2006). Among many factors shaping the European careers of Japanese migrant musicians, I will pay particular attention to the following combination of three elements: (1) structural and legal regulations that shape artistic labor market in general and the situation of migrant artists in particular, (2) the role of social and (3) cultural capital. The intersectional analysis of the professional situation of migrant-artists attempts to demonstrate how these musicians by their profession on the one hand and ethnic origins on the other are trapped into multiplied insecurity. This study rests on the material collected upon qualitative methods of individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted among 50 Japanese classical musicians in their mother tongue, as well as quantitative data (statistics of musical competitions, orchestras, music academies, etc.).

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza dynamiki trajektorii japońskich muzyków klasycznych miesz-kających w Europie — w Polsce i we Francji — którzy dzięki swoim kwalifikacjom zawo-dowym należą do kategorii wysoko wykwalifikowanych profesjonalistów, a jednocześnie ich sytuacja migracyjna podobna jest do sytuacji migrantów zarobkowych lub tzw. middling migration (Scott, 2006; Boyle, 2006). Spośród wielu czynników kształtujących europejskie kariery japońskich muzyków migrantów szczególną uwagę zwrócę na następujące połą-czenie trzech elementów: (1) strukturalne i prawne regulacje, które kształtują artystyczny rynek pracy, a w szczególności sytuację zawodową artystów migrantów; (2) rolę kapitału społecznego oraz (3) kulturalnego. Zastosowanie intersekcjonalnej analizy czynników kształtujących sytuację zawodową artystów-migrantów pozwoli zrozumieć, w jaki sposób muzycy ze względu na swój zawód z jednej strony i pochodzenie etniczne z drugiej wpa-dają w pułąpkę zwielokrotnionej niepewności. Badanie opiera się na materiale zebranym metodą jakościowych wywiadów indywidualnych przeprowadzonych wśród 50 japońskich muzyków klasycznych w ich języku ojczystym, a także danych ilościowych (statystyki kon-kursów muzycznych, orkiestr, akademii muzycznych itp.).

14

Prekariat a bezpieczeństwo społeczne

51%

Domański Z.

Journal of Modern Science

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2016

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nr 3(30)

335-355

EN

The precariat is a phenomenon that has drawn attention of scientists mainly the philosophers, the sociologists, but as well the politicians and the economists in XX and XXI centuries. Unwanted results of the world globalization processes and realization the ideas of liberalization highly change the situation on the labour market specially for the workers and millions of employed people in the world. Their social situation become unsecured and uncertain. The Precariat as a new social group or even social class is the phenomenon unpredictable, unforeseeable and incalculable and it is hard to predict the direction of its development in the nearest future. The analysis are based on the chosen literature of the subject, mainly on the Guy Standing book, Jan Sowa, Wojciech Jarecki the articles and another authors who conducted research of this problems.

PL

Prekariat jest zjawiskiem, które przykuło uwagę nie tylko naukowców, głównie filozofów, socjologów, ale również polityków i ekonomistów w XX i XXI w. Niepo- żądane efekty światowej globalizacji i realizacja idei liberalizacji znacząco zmieniły sytuację na rynku pracy, zwłaszcza robotników i ludzi zatrudnionych na całym świecie. Zostali oni pozbawieni zabezpieczeń prawnych, a ich sytuacja stała się niepewna. Prekariat, jako nowa grupa, a nawet klasa społeczna, jest formacją oraz zjawiskiem niewiadomym, nieprzewidywalnym i nieobliczalnym, i nie wiadomo, jak się rozwinie w najbliższej przyszłości. Analiza tego problemu jest oparta na wybranej literaturze przedmiotu, głównie pracy Guya Standinga, artykułach Jana Sowy, Wojciecha Jareckiego, jak również innych autorów zajmujących się tą problematyką.

15

Prekariat — nowa klasa społeczna?

51%

Stencel M.

Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne

|

2014

|

tom 15

125 - 137

EN

Precariat is aglobal problem that needs to be overcome, but the effective ways to stop it are still being search for. Prof. Guy Standing in his book gave proposals for changes that could stop precariat. The main postulate of auniversal guaranteed income, which is alow salary from the state supplemented by income from ad hoc work. Besides postulates of asystemic change in income redistribution (for example: taxes or tax credit), amental and systemic change is suggested in the system of banking and insurance as well as alegally specified maximum income, common goods, limiting corporate power and strengthening of civil society. The methods of countering the problem are various depending on the views. It will surely be along fight and it requires anumber of socioeconomic changes. The European Union began his fight with precariat — 24 countries meeting in Paris, in November 2013, have decided on aguarantee of employment for young people within two years. The program is called “guarantee for the young” and it stipulates that any person under 25 years of age without ajob is offered apost, training or practice within four months. This project also implies: encouraging young people to raise the education and undertake new training, providing assistance in entering the labor market or teaching entrepreneurship and motivating young people to start their own businesses. But the question arises here whether some of these proposals are not a problem of precarity right now? Governments should realize that this problem can no longer be concealed. The patience of the group is already exhausted and now it is starting to go out on the streets and cause big problems.