The paper reports chromosome numbers for 13 taxa of Elatine L., including all 11 species occurring in Europe, namely E. alsinastrum, E. ambigua, E. brachysperma, E. brochonii, E. californica, E. campylosperma, E. gussonei, E. hexandra, E. hungarica, E. hydropiper, E. macropoda, E. orthosperma, E. triandra originating from 17, field-collected populations. For seven of them (E. ambigua, E. californica, E. campylosperma, E. brachysperma, E. brochonii, E. hungarica, E. orthosperma) the chromosome numbers are reported for the first time. With these records, chromosome numbers for the whole section Elatinella Seub. became available. Although 2n = 36 was reported to be the most common and the lowest chromosome number in the genus, our data show that out of thirteen species analyzed, six had 36 chromosomes but five species had 54 chromosomes, and the lowest number of chromosomes was 18. These data further corroborates that the basic chromosome number in Elatine is x = 9.
The paper reports a study of polyploid progeny of crosses between diploid sexual maternal plants and tetraploid pollen donor plants in the genus Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia. All polyploid progeny plants were triploids; no tetraploids were found. Two types of experiments were done with each plant: crossing of some capitula with diploid pollen donor, and isolation of other capitula. Flow cytometric seed screening, together with analysis of seed set, were used to determine the breeding system of particular hybrids. Of the 29 triploid hybrids studied, 7 plants were apomictic. Seventeen triploid hybrids produced progeny sexually, reduced ovules were fertilized, and seed set was low. Three plants produced (near)tetraploid progeny - BIII hybrids with autonomous endosperm. The remaining 2 triploid hybrids were nonapomicts, but their type could not be distinguished. Compared with the crosses with triploid pollen donors, the crosses of diploid with tetraploid pollen donors produced fewer apomictic progeny and more nonapomictic progeny with reduced, irregular chromosome numbers. However, the total number of developed seeds per capitulum was substantially higher in diploid x tetraploid crosses, and their impact in microevolutionary processes may be considerable. In both types of crosses, diplosporous plants lacking the capacity for parthenogenesis were produced, confirming the breakdown of apomixis into its elements.
This paper presents a method of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for two diploid breeding lines of potato, and gives a detailed analysis of reporter gene expression. In our lab, these lines were also used to obtain tetraploid somatic hybrids. We tested four newly prepared constructs based on the pGreen vector system containing the selection gene nptII or bar under the 35S or nos promoter. All these vectors carried gus under 35S. We also tested the pDM805 vector, with the bar and gus genes respectively under the Ubi1 and Act1 promoters, which are strong for monocots. The selection efficiency (about 17%) was highest in the stem and leaf explants after transformation with pGreen where nptII was under 35S. About half of the selected plants were confirmed via PCR and Southern blot analysis to be transgenic and, depending on the combination, 0 to 100% showed GUS expression. GUS expression was strongest in multi-copy transgenic plants where gus was under Act1. The same potato lines carrying multi-copy bar under Ubi1 were also highly resistant to the herbicide Basta. The suggestion of using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of diploid lines of potato as a model crop is discussed herein.
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