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Persecution of the Czech Minority in Ukraine at the Time of the Great Purge

100%

Borák M.

nr 1

8–29

In its introduction, the study recalls the course of Czech emigration to Ukraine and the formation of the local Czech minority from the mid-19th century until the end of 1930s. Afterwards, it depicts the course of political persecution of the Czechs from the civil war to the mid-1930s and mentions the changes in Soviet national policy. It characterizes the course of the Great Purge in the years 1937–1938 on a national scale and its particularities in Ukraine, describes the genesis of the repressive mechanisms and their activities. In this context, it is focused on the NKVD’s national operations and the repression of the Czechs assigned to the Polish NKVD operation in the early spring of 1938. It analyses the illegal executions of more than 660 victims, which was roughly half of all Czechs and Czechoslovak citizens executed for political reasons in the former Soviet Union, both from time and territorial point of view, including the national or social-professional structure of the executed, roughly compared to Moscow. The general conclusions are illustrated on examples of repressive actions and their victims from the Kiev region, especially from Kiev, and Mykolajivka community, not far from the centre of the Vinnycko area, the most famous centre of Czech colonization in eastern Podolia. In detail, it analyses the most repressive action against the Czechs in Ukraine which took place in Zhytomyr where on 28 September 1938, eighty alleged conspirators were shot dead, including seventy-eight Czechs. In this case, fabricated and produced directly in the Zhytomyr Oblast Administration Office of the NKVD, there are clarified the terrorist methods of interrogation and torture of victims, arranged false accusation, which could not been got away, as well as the systematic lying of the authorities on the fate of the victims, which continued after their rehabilitation in 1958, and ended half a century after the executions took place.

Последние адреса: мемориальные доски как место памяти и форма коммуникации

88%

Khrushcheva D.

nr 1

123-140

Memorial plaques are one of the most common forms of commemorative practices. Organically fitting into the geographical and socio-cultural landscape and having several functions, memorial plaques not only become a kind of marker of a “site of memory” (lieu de mémoire), play an important role in preserving names, transmitting historical memory, but also contribute to the construction and consolidation in the mass consciousness of ideologically verified representations of historical political events. Various “initiatives from below” and projects of independent activists (for example, the “Last Address” (“Poslednij adres”) project with memorial tablets to victims of state terror or the anonymous “questions about repressions” action discussed in this article) become vivid examples of how today’s Russian civil society reacts to a unilateral submission historical facts by power structures. The organizers of such actions become new actors in the politics of memory. They seek not only to expand the space of specific “places of memory” – memorial plaques and their contents – but also to change the perception of certain historical events and attitudes towards them. On the example of memorial plaques as a form of commemoration, the article examines the communicative strategies of different groups of memory subjects in modern Russia.

Боротьба комуністичної влади з дисидентами в Україні (1987–1989 рр.)

51%

Demianczuk W.

2015

nr 4

225-236

The article analyzes the socio-political activity of Ukrainian dissidents in 1987-1989 and the struggle against them led by the Communist Party of Ukraine. Presents the anti-Soviet nature of their activities in the eyes of authority. In particular, the article shows their political actions which had a broad social resonance.

Radzieckie organy bezpieczeństwa państwowego na Ukrainie: czerwiec–grudzień 1941 roku. Zarys problematyki

51%

Baran W.

nr 30

227-267

The article presents the outline of the activities undertaken by the Soviet state security services in Ukraine between June and December 1941. The author analyses different aspects of the operation of Soviet security services in the initial period of the German-Soviet war, in particular: the first organizational initiatives taken by the KGB USSR, the control of correspondence and public moods, the observation of refugees and establishment of evacuation points, the struggle against the enemy’s parachute operations and establishment of deadly battalions, the deportation of prisoners to the east of the country and executions in prisons in the western oblasts of the USSR, the fight against desertion and spreading panic at the rear, repression against the so-called anti-soviet and suspicious element, the mass deportations of citizens on ethnic grounds, the creation of subversive and reconnaissance groups as well as merging underground and guerrilla movements in the occupied territories. Several characteristic documents from the archives of the Soviet state security services are annexed to this article.