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EN
Changes in the Ca2+ concentration are thought to affect many processes, including signal transduction in a vast number of biological systems. However, only in few cases the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ mediates its action are as well understood as in phototransduction. In dark-adapted photoreceptor cells, the equilibrium level of cGMP is maintained by two opposing activities, such as phosphodiesterase (PDE) and guanylate cyclase (GC). Upon absorption of photons, rhodopsin-G-protein- mediated activation of PDE leads to a transient decrease in [cGMP] and subsequently to lowering of [Ca2+]. In turn, lower [Ca2+] increases net production of cGMP by stimulation of GC until dark conditions are re-established. This activation of GC is mediated by Ca2+-free forms of Ca2+-binding proteins termed GC-activating proteins (GCAPs). The last decade brought the molecular identification of GCs and GCAPs in the visual system. Recent efforts have been directed toward understanding the properties of GC at the physiological and structural levels. Here, we summarize the recent progress and present a list of topics of ongoing research.
EN
Retinal lipids of crayfish, kept at 4°C under continuous darkness for 3 weeks, consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) were minor contributors. PI, involved in the phototransduction cascade, never reached greater concentrations than 7% of the total. High concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 (DHA, docosahexaenoic acid) were present in PC, PE and PS, but scarce in SM and PL In retinae of crayfish kept at 4°C in darkness for 3 weeks and then exposed to white light (6 h; ca. 4,500 lx), SM and PS remained seemingly unaffected. PC, however, significantly decreased within 10 min to 65% of the initial value and 50% at 180 min. To study the reduction of PC, lipids of retinae suspended in physiological solution with/without phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors such as DMDA (=DEDA), manoalide, ET-I8-OCH3, and U-73122 were measured. Only free fatty acids (FFA) of retinae with inhibitors of PLA2 like DMDA and manoalide decreased. Retinae irradiated by white light for 3 h displayed a significant reduction of PC, compared with those that had remained in continuous darkness. However, the PC of retinae with PLA2-inhibitors was not decreased by light. Our results provide evidence that not only photoreceptor cell PLC, but also PLA2 is activated by light.
17
Content available Adaptacyjna rola fotomorfogenezy w lanach roslin
59%
PL
Praca przedstawia aktualny stan badań w zakresie informacyjnej roli światła w łanach roślin. Omówiono w niej pokrótce fotoreceptory, które odbierają bodźce zawarte w strumieniu energii promienistej przekształconym przez zielone rośliny i otwierają odpowiednie drogi metaboliczne, Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na znaczenie ekologiczne reakcji fotomorfogenetyczny ch, jako mechanizmów przystosowawczych do istniejącej lub spodziewanej konkurencji, zwłaszcza na fitochromową regulację kiełkowania nasion i kształtowanie pokroju roślin.
EN
The aim of the article is to outline the recent knowledge of the informative role of light in plant canopies. The photoreceptors of the environmental cues carried by the radiative energy fluxes are briefly described. the special attention is paid to the ecological role of the photomorphogenic responses as the mechanisms of adaptation to the actual and future conditions. The phytochrome-mediated controlling of seed germination and of plant habit are discussed as the examples of such adaptive mechanisms.
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