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EN
Lightweight particleboards - manufacturing modification using a blowing agent from the group of bicarbonates. Although the low-density particleboards have grown in popularity, due to their facilitated transportation and a lower mass in the assembled finished products, there is still certain constraints in their use caused by limited mechanical properties. These obstacles may be overcome by the mechanism of foaming the polymers that bind wood particles in the boards’ structure. The aim of this study was to determine the possibility of using sodium bicarbonate as a blowing agent of phenolic resin used for bonding wood particles in the technology of lightweight particleboards. It was found that the addition of sodium bicarbonate in the amount of 5% in relation to the dry weight of the phenolic resin significantly increase the internal bond strength of the manufactured particleboards.
PL
łyty wiórowe o obniżonej gęstości - modyfikacja wytwarzania przy użyciu poroforu z grupy wodorowęglanów. Pomimo tego, że płyty wiórowe o obniżonej gęstości zyskują na popularności, ze względu na ułatwiony transport i niższą masę gotowych produktów, nadal istnieją pewne utrudnienia w ich zastosowaniu, spowodowane niedostatecznymi właściwościami mechanicznymi. Ograniczenia te mogą zostać zminimalizowane dzięki zastosowaniu mechanizmu spieniania żywicy wiążącej cząstki drewna w płytach wiórowych. Celem pracy było określenie możliwości zastosowania wodorowęglanu sodu jako poroforu żywicy fenolowej stosowanej do zaklejenia cząstek drewna w technologii lekkich płyt wiórowych. Stwierdzono, że dodatek wodorowęglanu sodu w ilości 5% w stosunku do suchej masy żywicy fenolowej istotnie zwiększa wytrzymałość na rozciąganie prostopadle do płaszczyzny płyty w wytworzonym materiale.
EN
Depending on the preparation and the applied materials, moulds and cores can be of high rigidity or can be flexible. Although, chemically bonded moulding materials have relatively good flexibility, their high temperature behaviour determines the dimensional accuracy, the stresses in the castings and can induce several casting defects, such as rattail, veining, etc. The phenomenon is based on two major effects: the thermal expansion of the unbonded foundry sands and the deformation of the sand mixtures. The main objective of the present work was to study the relationship between these two effects, and to improve the knowledge related to the thermo-mechanical interactions between the casting and the mould. Dilatometric analysis of unbonded sand samples were performed and compared to the results of hot distortion tests of moulding mixture specimens. The results showed, that the thermal expansion of foundry sand largely influences the hot distortion behaviour, but depending on the type of binder used.
EN
The study investigated the effect of the modification of phenolic resin with sodium oxalate and ethylene glycol on properties of particleboards. It results from the conducted tests that the simultaneous introduction of ethylene glycol and sodium oxalate to PF resin, irrespective of the amounts of modifiers, results in a slight increase in bend- ing strength and modulus of elasticity of particleboards. However, a strong decrease was observed in internal bond after the boiling test. Observed changes in properties of par- ticleboards, occurring under the influence of the applied modification, undermine the applicability of such a modification.
EN
The study analysed the effect of modification of phenolic resin with alkylresorcinols and H2O2 on properties of softwood and hardwood plywood resinated with such modified PF resins. Conducted tests showed that the application of PF resin modified with alkylresorcinols makes it possible to manufacture plywood with improved properties, especially bond quality, than those of the control plywood pressed under identical conditions. In turn, the introduction of H2O2 both to pure PF resin and resin modified with alkylresorcinols improves properties of plywood as a result of enhanced reactivity and increased chemical adhesion of resin to wood. Moreover, applied PF resin modification methods make it possible to manufacture plywood with very good properties at pressing time reduced by 25%.
PL
W pracy zbadano wpływ modyfikacji żywicy fenolowej alkilorezorcynami oraz H2O2 na właściwości sklejek iglastych oraz liściastych zaklejanych zmodyfikowanymi żywicami PF. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, iż zastosowanie modyfikowanej alkilorezorcynami żywicy PF umożliwia wytworzenie sklejek o lepszych właściwościach, zwłaszcza jakości sklejenia, niż sklejka kontrolna prasowana w tych samych warunkach. Natomiast wprowadzenie H2O2 zarówno do czystej żywicy PF, jak i modyfikowanej alkilorezorcynami polepsza właściwości sklejek wskutek podwyższenia reaktywności i zwiększenia adhezji chemicznej żywicy do drewna. Zastosowane sposoby modyfikacji żywicy PF umożliwiają ponadto wytworzenie sklejek o bardzo dobrych właściwościach w czasie prasowania skróconym o 25%.
EN
In many foundries, the requirements placed on castings production have risen mainly over the few years. Further trends in recent years have been the ever increasing level of automation and introduction of new alloys, especially composites. On the other hand, the foundry environment has become increasingly difficult because is used many organic binders. Environmental regulations will be further tightened up. These processes are pursued at national, European and global level. Conformity with emission limits is becoming increasingly difficult. The problem is emission of aromatic hydrocarbons, phenol, odours and other harmful compounds to environment. The main purpose of many companies is reduction of this toxins. The new cold-box systems (based on phenolic resins) try to reduce the emission by introducing into the resin structure silicate modifiers. Research presented of this article evaluate the effectiveness of these methods. The results show comparison of two resins ("without" and "with" silicate modifier) for assessment of emission of harmful aromatic hydrocarbons and phenol.
EN
This paper presents the results of structural-type studies of resol phenolic resin used for the preparation of molding and core sands exposed to air. The FTIR study was carried out using a transmittance technique. Recorded changes in the IR spectra of resin can indicate a progressive polycondensation process, the consequences of which being changes in the aromatic rings of methylene bridges (among others).
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań strukturalnych żywicy fenolowej typu rezolowego stosowanej do sporządzania mas formierskich i rdzeniowych, poddanej działaniu powietrza atmosferycznego. Badania prowadzono metodą FTIR z zastosowaniem techniki transmisyjnej. Zarejestrowane zmiany w widmach IR żywicy mogą świadczyć o postępującym procesie polikondensacji, którego konsekwencją są m.in. zmiany w obrębie mostków metylenowych pierścienia aromatycznego.
PL
W artykule zebrano przebadane domieszki do żywicy fenolowej i kompozytów węglowo-fenolowych w celu zwiększenia ich stabilności termicznej, które były badane w kompozytach pod względem właściwości termicznych, z możliwością użycia materiału do celów ablacyjnych. Opisano zjawisko ablacji, procesy zachodzące w żywicy fenolowej podczas oddziaływania temperatury, produkcję włókien oraz ich wpływ zawartości na ablację. Przestawiono, jak domieszki wpływają na stabilność termiczną oraz proces utwardzania żywicy.
EN
The article collects tested additives for phenolic resin and carbon-phenolic composites in order to increase their thermal stability. The article presents additives that were tested in composites in terms of thermal properties, with the possibility of using the material for ablative purposes. The phenomenon of ablation, the processes occurring in the phenolic resin under the influence of temperature, the production of fibers and the effect of their content on ablation, how additives affect the thermal stability and the process of resin curing are described.
PL
Zaproponowano syntezę mezoporowatego węgla poprzez polimeryzację floroglucyny i formaldehydu w obecności trójblokowego kopolimeru Lutrol F127 użytego jako składnik strukturotwórczy. Otrzymany w ten sposób węgiel MC-ST scharakteryzowano na podstawie izoterm adsorpcji i desorpcji azotu w temperaturze 77 K, które użyto do wyznaczenia powierzchni właściwej, objętości porów i funkcji rozkładu objętości porów. Stwierdzono, że otrzymany węgiel MC-ST zawiera jednorodne mezopory o średnim wymiarze ok. 9 nm, ma powierzchnię właściwą ok. 450 m2/g i całkowitą objętość porów 0,70 cm3/g. Wykazano, że otrzymany materiał jest mezoporowatym węglem z niewielkim, mało znaczącym, udziałem mikroporów.
EN
Mesoporous carbon was synthesized by polymerization of phloroglucinol and formaldehyde in the presence of the triblock copolymer Lutrol F127 used as the structure directing agent. The resulting MC-ST carbon was characterized on the basis of the nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measured at 77 K, which was used to evaluate the specific surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution. It has been shown that the MC-ST carbon contains uniform mesopores with a diameter of about 9 nm, and has a specific surface area and a total pore volume of about 450 m2/g and about 0.70 cm3/g, respectively. The material is a mesoporous carbon with a very small fraction of micropores.
EN
Due to the presence of harmful substances in resins those mould sands may be hazardous to the natural environment and workers. The general assessment of harmfulness of sands used for molds and cores encompasses 2 basic points: emission of hazardous substances during processes of preparing sands, pouring mold with liquid metals (high temperatures), cooling and shaking-out; possibility of washing out hazardous substances from used sands to the environment, during storage or economic use outside foundries. We present the results of research on the emission of BTEX compounds from mould sands with phenolic resins during pouring liquid metal of different temperature (cast iron and Al alloy). The research was conducted according to the original method prepared by the authors, which has been used for years in cooperation with various foundries (Poland, abroad).
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EN
Two sorts of spherical carbons were prepared by a carbonisation of phenolic resin-based spheres in both, N2 and CO2 atmospheres. CO, adsorption tests were performed for the obtained carbons. Surface coverage calculated for the carbon spheres prepared in CO2 atmosphere was found as bigger than that one for the carbon obtained with use of N,. The coverage was bigger than total surface area of the carbon. In spite of different gases used for the preparations, the tested samples did not show significant differences in their surface chemistry. Keywords: phenolic resin, carbon, adsorption, carbon dioxide
EN
Out of moulding sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. If in the initial state these resins are not very dangerous for people and for the environment, thus under an influence of high temperatures they generate very harmful products, being the result of their thermal decomposition. Depending on the kind of the applied resin under an influence of a temperature such compounds as: furfuryl alcohol, formaldehyde, phenol, BTEX group (benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene, xylenes), and also polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be formed and released.
EN
Out of moulding and core sands used in the foundry industry, sands with organic binders deserve a special attention. These binders are based on synthetic resins, which ensure obtaining the proper technological properties and sound castings, however, they negatively influence the environment. Depending on the kind of the applied resin under an influence of a temperature such compounds as for example BTEX group and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be formed and released. During storing or economic utilization of used sand is possibility of eluting harmful substances into the environment. Therefore at assessing an influence of the used sand on the environment two above elements should be taken into consideration. Only such investigations provide the complete assessment of the given sand harmfulness.
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