Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The role of guidelines in pest monitoring and warning systems in integrated pest management

100%

Tratwal A. , Baran M.

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nr 3

EN

The rules and guidelines for integrated pest management specified in Annex III, sections 2 and 3, state “General principles of integrated pest management”: Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools, where available. Such adequate tools should include observations in the field as well as scientifically sound warnings, forecasting and early diagnostic systems, where feasible, as well as advice from professionally qualified advisors. As part of Multiannual Programs, the Institute of Plant Protection – NRI in Poznań has been carrying out work and research for many years to develop or modify guidelines for monitoring short- and long-term forecasting of pest occurrence on crops. These guidelines are extremely helpful for farmers and advisers in determining the optimum date of chemical control of pests on plants. Regularly revised and improved the guidelines deal with pests which currently pose a threat to crops. They are developed according to the latest scientific findings and are successfully promoted among professional users and agricultural advisors. These guidelines are standardized to include descriptions of species, life cycles, symptoms of damage/infestation of crops, methods of observation targeted at warning of the need for plant protection treatments, and threshold values of harmfulness. All guidelines include extensive photographic material. Guidelines for the monitoring of pests on orchard plants, vegetables and others are prepared at the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation − NRI in Puławy and the Institute of Pomology in Skierniewice. Guidelines for about 80 pests of crops are available for public use in the on-line Pest Warning System (Platforma Sygnalizacji Agrofagów, www.agrofagi.com.pl).

2

Short-term forecasting and monitoring of leaf miners (Agromyzidae) and leaf beetles (Oulema spp.) on winter wheat

72%

Walczak F. , Roik K.

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nr 4

EN

One of common cereal pests in Poland are flies of the Agromyzidae family. The larvae of these flies is the stage which is harmful. Leaf miner larvae feeding on the leaf parenchyma cause characteristic damage (mines). Their widespread occurrence contributes to a reduction in leaf assimilation surface. Leaf miner larvae mostly damage first-flag and second leaves. Their damage has a negative effect on the yield parameters. Locally they cause losses of economic significance. The flight of leaf miner imagines coincides with the development of leaf beetles (Oulema spp.), another dangerous cereal crop pest. The aim of the conducted research was to determine the optimum time for chemical treatment of leaf mining flies and leaf beetles as part of integrated cereal protection. To achieve that aim, field experiments were conducted in the years 2008–2009 at the Research Station for Variety Testing in Słupia Wielka (the county of Środa Wielkopolska) using winter wheat of the Bogatka variety. Values monitored included the dynamics of flight for leaf mining flies along with the speed of leaf beetle development. The accuracy of the suggested dates was measured by the quantity of the yield obtained. Additionally, the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging winter wheat was also analyzed. During the years of the research, the biggest yields were obtained when both pest species were chemically treated during the period when the leaf mining flies were abundant and when the oldest leaf beetle larvae reached the size of about 2 mm (in the year 2008) and about 4 mm (in the year 2009). It was also determined that the species composition of Agromyzidae damaging winter wheat changes between particular years.

PL

W Polsce obserwowane jest powszechne występowanie na zbożach muchówek z rodziny miniarkowatych (Agromyzidae), których stadium szkodliwym są larwy. Larwy miniarek, żerując w tkance miękiszowej liści zbóż, powodują charakterystyczne uszkodzenia (miny). Ich liczne wystąpienie przyczynia się do znacznego ograniczenia powierzchni asymilacyjnej liści. Larwy miniarek uszkadzają głównie liście flagowe i podflagowe, co wpływa na pogorszenie się parametrów plonu. Lokalnie powodują straty o znaczeniu gospodarczym. Lot form dorosłych miniarek zbiega się z rozwojem skrzypionek (Oulema spp.) także szkodników roślin zbożowych. Prowadzone badania zmierzały do określenia optymalnego terminu chemicznego zwalczania muchówek z rodziny miniarkowatych i skrzypionek, będącego elementem integrowanej ochrony zbóż. W tym celu w latach 2008–2009 w miejscowości Słupia Wielka (powiat średzki) założono doświadczenia ścisłe z pszenicą ozimą odmiany Bogatka. Monitorowano dynamikę lotu muchówek miniarek i jednocześnie obserwowano tempo rozwoju skrzypionek. Miarą oceny trafności wyznaczonych terminów była wielkość uzyskanego plonu. Ponadto analizowano skład gatunkowy Agromyzidae uszkadzających pszenicę ozimą. W latach badań najwyższe plony uzyskano w przypadku zwalczania obu gatunków szkodników w okresie, trwania licznego lotu muchówek miniarek i jednocześnie osiągnięcia przez najstarsze larwy skrzypionek wielkości około 2 mm (w roku 2008) lub około 4 mm (w roku 2009). Stwierdzono także, że skład gatunkowy Agromyzidae, uszkadzających pszenicę ozimą, zmienia się w poszczególnych latach.

3

Występowanie węgorka sosnowca (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Steiner et Buhrer, 1934, Nickle, 1970) w Portugalii i Hiszpanii – zagrożeniem dla lasów iglastych w Europie

44%

Karnkowski W. , Sahajdak A.

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nr 3

EN

First outbreaks of the pine wood nematode in Portugal and in Europe were reported in May 1999 on the Setúbal Peninsula (about 30 km from Lisbon) on Pinus pinaster. The demarcated zone originally 306 000 ha, currently covers the whole Portuguese mainland and the Island of Madeira. In Spain this nematode was reported first time in Nevember 2008 in Extramadura region (close to the border with Portugal) on one tree of Pinus pinaster with the symptoms of the pine wilt disease. In Portugal the current efforts to reduce the pine wood nematode spread are not effective enough. Because of a risk of the pine wood nematode occurrence in other part of Europe, all countries of the European Union take action to prevent further spread of the nematode on their territory.

4

Owady zasiedlajace dynie makaronowa uprawiana w warunkach nawodnien kroplowych

36%

Lamparski R. , Piesik D. , Rolbiecki R.

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tom 47

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nr 1

276-279