This paper analyzes the use of perfect tense forms in a collection of Old-Russian charters: Testaments and Contractural Letters of the Russian Great and Appanage Princes of the XIV–XVI centuries. A special attention has been paid to the connection between the presence of an explicit subject and an auxiliary verb and their strict mutual dependence has been proved.
Corpora provide teachers and materials developers with the ability to ensure that the instructions they use in class and in teaching materials correctly reflect natural use. This paper examines the ways in which grammar reference books and two types of EFL/ESL materials present the past perfect aspect and whether they do so accurately. It will be argued that there are several issues concerning how these books present the grammar point. Many of the books surveyed provide incomplete explanations of when and how the form is used and several contain usage guidelines that are not supported by available corpus data. The paper ends with several recommendations to improve how the form is presented to teachers and learners.
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