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The ebbs and flows. On the scope of criminalization in Polish criminal law from 2012 to 2022

100%

Gardocki L.

2023

tom 100

100-112

In modern criminal law, the scope of criminalization in different legal systems is considered an important part of the description of these systems. This fact is not surprising, since criminalization and possible changes in its scope are closely related to the assessment of the situation of the individual, both in the context of the rights and freedoms to which he is entitled, and when the issue of criminalization is dealt with by looking at this phenomenon from the perspective of the protection to which individuals and societies are entitled (not only, but to a large extent, criminal law protection) in relation to individual goods, the violation or exposure of which is considered socially harmful. This article takes as its object of analysis the changes in criminalization in Poland in the last decade (2012 – 2022). It analyzes and evaluates both changes in criminalization in the sense of expanding or narrowing the catalog of crimes, as well as changes in the intensity of criminalization, by which the author understands the tightening or softening of statutory threats of punishment. The latter is also discussed taking into account the use of legislative technique, aimed at shifting the emphasis from the judicial power to shape the punishment imposed in a specific criminal case, to the power of the legislature to set the statutory threat so that this power is exaggeratedly limited, mainly through the narrow inclusion in the law itself of the possibility of choosing the type of punishment and its lower and upper limits of the statutory threat.

Changes in the model of penal liability of collective entities in the Polish legal system – a real breakthrough or a manifestation of opportunism?

100%

Błaszczyk M.

2023

tom 100

44-58

The model of liability of collective entities for acts prohibited under penalty, introduced into the Polish legal system by the Act of 28 October 2002 (consolidated text, Journal of Laws of 2020, item 358, as amended), which entered into force on 28 November 2003, was criticized from the beginning. Time has shown that the scepticism of the representatives of the legal commentary regarding the solutions adopted at that time was fully justified. After nearly 20 years of this act being in force – systemically important yet playing a marginal role in practice – the time has come for radical changes in the model of penal liability of collective entities. The model of the so-called consequential liability of a collective entity, which depends on a preliminary ruling, i.e. on prior confirmation by a final judgment that an offense or a fiscal offense has been committed by a specific natural person, is replaced by direct liability. This was reflected in the changes introduced to the Act of 2002, which entered into force on 1 September 2022. An analysis of these changes will be used to assess the new model of criminal liability of collective entities for acts prohibited as offenses against the environment, in the normative and practical aspect.

Odpowiedzialność za nielegalne sprowadzanie odpadów

58%

Draniewicz B.

tom nr 3

34-35

Zagadnienie transgranicznego przemieszczania odpadów jest regulowane w Ustawie z 29 czerwca 2007 r. o międzynarodowym przemieszczaniu odpadów. Poza tym również w Rozporządzeniu (WE) 1013/2006 Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z 14 czerwca 2006 r. w sprawie przemieszczania odpadów.