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EN
In order to encourage the minimal reader to reach for Russian literature, one needs to present elements of the foreign reality in such a way that would encourage them to get to know alien phenomena and extend their cognitive base, rather than discouraging them with complexity and strangeness. One of the elements which are rooted in culture and which require proper management in translation are proper names. In translation from Russian into Polish it is worth focusing on managing hypocorisms (diminutives), colloquial forms of vocative and patronymics.
PL
The aim of this article is to point to the factors that started the process of family names formation in the Eastern Slavonic area. It also discusses extralinguistic reasons for fixing them as permanent surnames.  The official usage of surnames by the representants of different social groups in Russia proceeded as they were receiving full civic rights. It was also connected with the development of administrative structure of the Russian State.The key factor conditioning the usage of family names by the representants of the future generations was the inheritance of grounds and other material goods within a family. It seems that two types of Russian surnames could evaluate spontaneously: 1. the family names of Russian aristocrats motivated by toponyms, and 2. the family names of craftsmen derived from names of professions and occuppations. The creation of the majority of Russian townspeople’s and peasants’ surnames was a concious and controlled process. However, it took into account the trends in forming patronymics and their tendency to become the family names.
EN
The subject of the article is a discussion of the grammatical role of Proto-Slavic suffix *-itjь in the Old-Slavic mythological names in: *Svarožitjь and *P’orěnitjь. There is a two interpretations of that suffix: patronymic and hypocoristic. According to L. Moszyński, the its only function at the period of Proto-Slavic language was hypocoristic. Role of that suffix in Proto-Slavic is discused in the paper. The results of analysis clearly show that function of suffix *-itjь was both patronymic and hypocoristic. Conclusion is that these Slavic theonyms may have been patronymic epithets of gods *Dazhbog and *Jarilo.
EN
This paper analyzes problems involved in the Polish translation of proper names contained in Boris Pasternak’s novel Doctor Zhivago. Empirical material was collected from two Polish translations published in book form: by Jerzy Stempowski (Paris: Instytut Literacki 1959) and by Ewa Rojewska-Olejarczuk (Warsaw: PIW 1990). The study aimed to analyze translatorial equivalents taking into account the following criteria: consistency with the named object, informativeness of the name, and retaining the cultural ambience. The following research methods were applied: descriptive, com-parative analysis as well as functional and stylistic analysis. The comparative analysis focused on the adequacy of the applied translation methods.
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