Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Święci jako patronowie obiektów sakralnych w państwie zakonnym w Prusach – na przykładzie miast

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Rozynkowski W.

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tom 15

9-19

EN

The author discusses the medieval practice in the State of the Teutonic Order of placing sacral objects, especially parish and monastic churches, cathedrals and hospital chapels, under patronage of selected saints. Though there was nothing exceptional about it in the Christian Europe, the choice of saints, dependent on their particular traits and popularity, is interesting. Among the most popular ones were, of course, the Holy Virgin Mary, venerated especially by the Cistersians and Dominicans, St George, St John the Evangelist and St Nicholas – the latter being the patron of merchants and sailors. It may be safely said that local cults correlated to a large degree with the presence or absence of particular religious orders in the area, with their preferences as to the patronage of certain saints over others. One of the most widely known saints in Europe was undoubtedly St James, especially along the popular pilgrimage route from Prussia to Santiago de Compostella. St Adalbert of Prague also deserves special mention, especially for his mission and martyrdom in Prussia.

2

Uganda pod rządami Yoweriego Museveniego. Od „modelowej” odbudowy pokonfliktowej do inkluzywnej sieci patronażu

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Polus A.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

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2015

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tom 46

135-146

EN

The principal aim of this paper is to critically examine evolution of the Ugandan political regime during the Yoweri Museveni rule and the very nature and socio-political consequences of the vast, inclusive patronage network existence. This paper is based primarily on field research conducted in Uganda in June and July 2014. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part briefly presents evolution of the Ugandan political regime. In the second part the very issue of the nature of the political patronage in Uganda was raised. The last section concludes.

3

Textos introductorios a Krótka relacja o wyniszczeniu Indian: su carga ideológica y su posible influencia en la lectura del texto meta

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Kasperska I.

Estudios Hispánicos

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2015

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tom 23

137-148

EN

This paper analyses two peritexts preceding a Polish version of Bartolomé de Las Casas’ A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, put to press in 1956 and 1988 by two catholic publishing houses, PAX and “W drodze”, respectively. Based on three basic criteria of contrastive analysis, i.e. content, interpretation suggested by their authors and verbal form, the study revealed that both paratexts are marked by the catholic orientation of Mieczysław Żywczyński and Wojciech Giertych, however to a different extent. They are also influenced by the historic moment in which they have been conceived. As far as the form is concerned, they turn out outdated because of some notable obsolete features used in introductions and references, unacceptable these days, but at the same time they keep an interesting historical mark.

4

Patronat w rzymskich stowarzyszeniach religijnych w Italii okresu pryncypatu

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Wojciechowski P.

Res Historica

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2017

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nr 43

EN

The relationships between the cultores deorum and their patrons seem to meet all the criteria of the classic definition of Roman patronage put forward by A. Wallace-Hadrill. Firstly, there is no doubt that there was a ‘reciprocal exchange of goods and services’ between the patron and the college. The exchange took place on many levels, and the economic aspect was not necessarily the most important one. Secondly, the exchange was asymmetrical and permanent. In exchange for material and non-material support, colleges bestowed honours on their patrons, which strengthened the social prestige of the latter, at the same time creating a positive image of the colleges themselves. Both sides tried to give their relationship a permanent, formalised, and public character. Traces of these attempts are left not only in the well-documented custom of displaying tabulae patronatus in the collegial seat and the patron’s house. The patron frequently included information about the corporate patronage in his cursus honorum, whereas colleges could honour their patron’s birthday with one of the official corporate celebrations. In this way, the relationships between the patron and the college took on features which clearly differentiated them from acts of euergetism, not to mention regular economic transactions. A wealthy, generous, and most importantly influential patron was not only a desirable symbol of prestige for every corporation, but also a guarantee of the efficient functioning of the organisation that could rely on his or her support not only in its daily activity but also in crisis situations. Religious associations had to reconcile themselves to the homines novi of the local elites. The patron of the cultores Herculis in Interamna Nahars, T. Flavius T.f. Isidorus, who evidently proudly emphasises his promotion to the ordo equester, which was the pinnacle of his municipal career, is an excellent example of this phenomenon. Interestingly, the cultores deorum looking for patrons for their associations clearly tried to find ingenui. Although patrons of religious colleges include some liberti, these are rare cases. Wealthy freedmen are usually benefactors of colleges, but the latter did not attach themselves in a permanent way by means of the institution of patronage. This is understandable considering the fact that one of the main tasks of a patron was to represent the college in its contacts with the local authorities. The servile background of the patron lowered not only the college’s prestige but also its chances of successfully defending its interests. The cultores deorum were certainly aware of the mechanisms operating in the public life of the community in which they lived. An analysis of how the institution of patronage functioned in religious associations reveals evidence that their members not only knew the traditional system of values, but also completely identified themselves with this system.

PL

Związki między cultores deorum a ich patronami wydają się spełniać wszystkie kryteria klasycznej definicji rzymskiego patronatu przedstawionej przez A. Wallace-Hadrilla. Po pierwsze, nie ma wątpliwości, że istniała „wzajemna wymiana towarów i usług” między patronem a stowarzyszeniem. Wymiana ta miała miejsce na wielu poziomach, zaś aspekt ekonomiczny niekoniecznie był najważniejszy. Po drugie, wymiana była niesymetryczna i ciągła. W zamian za materialne i niematerialne wsparcie stowarzyszenia obdarowywały patronów zaszczytami, co umacniało ich społeczny prestiż, równocześnie kreując pozytywny wizerunek samych stowarzyszeń. Obie strony starały się nadać swym relacjom stały, sformalizowany i publiczny charakter. Ślady tych prób są widoczne nie tylko w dobrze udokumentowanym zwyczaju ujawniania tabulae patronatus w siedzibie stowarzyszenia oraz w domu patrona. Patron często zamieszczał informację na temat korporacyjnego patronatu w cursus honorum, zaś stowarzyszenia mogły uhonorować urodziny swego patrona jedną z oficjalnych uroczystości korporacyjnych. W ten sposób relacje między patronem a stowarzyszeniem nabierały cech, które wyraźnie odróżniały je od aktów energetyzmu, nie wspominając już o regularnych transakcjach ekonomicznych. Zamożny, szczodry i, co najważniejsze, wpływowy patron był nie tylko pożądanym symbolem prestiżu dla każdej korporacji, lecz także gwarancją efektywnego funkcjonowania organizacji, która mogła polegać na jego/jej wsparciu nie tylko w czasie codziennych działań, lecz także w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Stowarzyszenia religijne musiały pogodzić się z homines novi lokalnych elit. Patron cultores Herculis w Interamna Nahars, T. Flavius T.f. Isidorus, który wyraźnie dumnie podkreśla awans na ordo equester, będący szczytem jego miejskiej kariery, jest wspaniałym przykładem tego zjawiska. Co ciekawe, cultores deorum, szukając patronów dla swych stowarzyszeń, wyraźnie usiłowali znaleźć ingenui. Chociaż wśród patronów stowarzyszeń religijnych było trochę liberti, są to rzadkie przypadki. Bogaci wyzwoleńcy bywali dobroczyńcami stowarzyszeń, ale patronat ten nie był stały. Jest to zrozumiałe, zważywszy na fakt, iż jednym z głównych zadań patrona było reprezentowanie stowarzyszenia w kontaktach z lokalnymi władzami.

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Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner

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Kantor R.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2021

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tom 11

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nr 2

257-270

EN

Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.

6

Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner

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Kantor R.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2021

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tom 11

|

nr 2

257-270

EN

Patronage can be defined as a group of privileges and duties granted by ecclesiastical authorities to the faithful who founded a church, chapel or benefice and to those who acquired this right from them. This is how Prof. Edward Rittner, the Rector of the University of Lviv, understood this concept. This article, entitled “Ius patronatus as viewed by Edward Rittner”, presents the notion of patronage itself, as well as related issues, such as: the ways of patronage acquisition, the possibilities of patronage transfer, the content of ius patroantus and finally the ways of patronage expiration. This article is based on Prof. Rittner’s lecture contained in his textbook “Prawo kościelne katolickie” (in English: Catholic Ecclesiastical Law), volume I, fourth edition from Lviv dated 1912.

7

Gdański medal jubileuszowy z okazji trzechsetlecia inkorporacji Prus do Polski w roku 1754

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Kizik E.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2012

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tom 77

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nr 2

79-91

EN

The cultivation of the memory about the victorious battle with the Teutonic Order in Gdańsk historiography of the 16th-18th centuries constituted an important element of Gdańsk inhabitants’ identity. According to this tradition, in 1754 the city authorities of Gdańsk commemorated the 300th anniversary of the collapse of the power of the Teutonic Order and the incorporation of Prussia into Poland in 1454. Apart from organizing official celebrations and giving solemn speeches, another characteristic element of public celebrations in the early modern period became minting medals. In Gdańsk the city financed minting gold and silver medals to commemorate special events. Jubilee celebrations appear in the literature of the subject. That is why the aim of the article is the analysis of records included in Gdańsk account book for the year 1754/1755, which allow us to reconstruct unknown circumstances of minting the jubilee medal. Thanks to the research the author of the project was found and identified (Johann Donnet). What is more, it was revealed how many coins were minted and how high costs the city bore for this. From the collected precious ore there were minted 286 silver coins and 5 gold coins, which were given away to the most important people in the Gdańsk and in the country. The circle of people honoured by the jubilee medal reflected the hierarchy of power in Gdańsk. This costly form of the patronage of the city constituted also a hidden form of remuneration for politicians. Giving away medals was included in the costs of making politics, which required meeting the expectations created in the second half of the 17th and the 18th centuries. The magnitude of the expenses is considerable, for despite serious debts Gdańsk paid for minting medals the big sum of 15 853 florins, which constituted the sum of money comparable with annual expenses on the maintenance of the local garrison (14 391 florins).

8

Dary dla bibliotek szkolnych na prowincji litewsko-białoruskiej w I połowie XIX wieku

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Kowkiel L.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia ad Bibliothecarum Scientiam Pertinentia

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2013

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tom 11

144-150

EN

The article discusses donations to the libraries of schools from the Vilnius School District in the first half of the 19th century. Information about these donations can be found in reports after visits at schools, in inventories of school libraries, recollections, and diaries. Source materials contain descriptions of the state of school libraries, lists of donated items, and information about the benefactors. Among people who donated books to school libraries, we can frequently come across the employees of the school’s administrative apparatus, representatives of local noble families, and former students. The sources register mainly important donations. The preserved documentation allows for reconstructing the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the donated collections. The donated prints did not always correspond to the then curricula and were characterized by low pedagogical value. Apart from books, engravings, and notes, schools also received other gifts – mineralogical collections, musical instruments, equipment of the physics labs – which relates to the model of a typical library from the Enlightenment period.

9

„To Wariusz, świetny zwycięzco, opisze twe czyny” (Hor. P. I 6,1). Kilka rozważań na temat stosunków między Horacym a Oktawianem Augustem do roku 17 przed Chr

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Owsianna (Kubiaczyk) M.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2010

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nr 1-2

149-162

PL

Horace, having had the taste of the laws of cruel Bellona, decided to dedicate him-self to peaceful Muse. His fi rst works expressed anxiety and fears of uncertain future, in the sixteenth iambic he called to escape to the Happy Isles. Th anks to the talent and a stroke of luck, he met Maecenas, and became a member of his circle for good, winning the undying friendship of his protector. Still, the poet resolutely manifested a strong need of his literary independence, in that he refused to engage in political subjects, or rejected the off er of becoming Octavian’s secretary. He desired to propagate universal themes, did not forbear refl ection on the fragility and transience of life, on the neces-sity of using the moment we are given, though using it with skill. He tried to avoid extremes, shun excessive wealth, problems of the noisy Rome, to content himself with small things. He found that modest estate, the ability to talk with friends with glass of good caecubum were more important than the splendour of the palace. Even when mocking human vices, he would indicate the noble examples from the past. Despite his unwillingness to depict the deeds of victors, which he excused with lack of aptitude and inadequacy of the style, he did not remain deaf to the call of the Homeland. Having been, along with Maecenas, Livius or Virgil, a witness of the downfall of the Republic and the birth of something new, he would take a critical look at his contemporaries, seeking a way out of the adverse situation. He followed the actions of Octavian atten-tively, to give him the credit of his trust only aft er a time, and to serve the common cause, the moral revival of the society. Still, he was aware of prinicipate’s dark side, of certain constraints imposed on the freedom of speech. Hence, he took refuge in the arms of un-political Poetry, which nevertheless features references to the desired val-ues, to Octavian’s ideological agenda. Th e ruler gave society an illusion, in which the war-fatigued, blood-stained Italy is transformed into Happy Isles. Th e Poet wanted the latter to become fact, by virtue of return to the former morality.

10

Argentine Concordat as an International Agreement Regulating the Law of Patronage

88%

Osuchowska M. Z.

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

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2020

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tom 25

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nr 1

89-109

EN

In the history of relations between the Argentinean government and the Holy See, two ideas are permanently intertwined: signing the Concordat and defending national patronage. The changes that occurred in the 1960s indicated that exercising the right of patronage, based on the principles outlined in the Constitution, was impossible, and the peaceful establishment of the principles of bilateral relations could only be indicated through an international agreement. The Concordat signed by Argentina in 1966 removed the national patronage, but the changes to the content of the Constitution were introduced only in 1994. The aim of the study is to show the concordat agreement concluded in 1966 by Argentina with the Holy See as an example of an international agreement. The main focus is the presentation of concordat standards for the institution of patronage. Due to the subject and purpose of the study, the work uses methods typical of social sciences in the legal science discipline. The dogmatic-legal method is the basis for consideration of the Concordat as a source of Argentine law, and as an auxiliary method, the historical-legal method was used to show the historical background of the presented issue.

11

A New House for the God in Tenkasi: Divine Dreams and Kings in 15th–16th-century Pāṇṭiya Inscriptions and Sanskrit Courtly Production

88%

Pierdominici Leão D.

Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia

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2021

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nr 34

295-312

EN

This paper is devoted to a parallel study of the 15th-century Tamil inscriptions from the Kāśīviśvanātha temple in Tenkasi (Tamil Nadu), describing the circumstances and building phases of this shrine, together with a modified retelling of the same episode by a 16th-century mahākāvya, the Pāṇḍyakulodaya. The comparative study of these passages aims to highlight significant changes in the traditional institution of Indian royal patronage. It will also enable considerations on the revolutionary transition in the description of the Pāṇṭiya kingship in the 16th century, marked by the rise of a new ideological idiom expressed by the Pāṇḍyakulodaya.

12

Středověké studijní nadace v Čechách

88%

Holá M. , Holý M.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2016

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tom 19

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nr 1

87-109

EN

The submitted article, which is based on the study of official and literary sources, concentrates on educational foundations in medieval Bohemia. Alongside establishment of new schools, their components (colleges) or support of the existing educational institutions, they represented the second most frequent form of educational patronage in all Europe of the western Christian circle. The main purpose of those foundations was material support of the students during their studies. It was not necessarily paid in the form of scholarship; it was also provided indirectly in the form of ensuring of meals, lodging, clothing, payment for medical treatment in case of an illness, purchase of textbooks, etc. Most importantly, it did not concern a one-time subsidy, which we often encounter in the Middle Ages, but support of a permanent character. The study monitors educational foundations that emerged in certain Latin parish schools, or later municipal schools, especially in the so called royal towns, as well as foundations established by the individual benefactors who came from the nobility and other classes of the then society under Prague University. Besides these, the authors also concentrate on foundations supporting students from the Czech lands during their studies at foreign universities (foundation of Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio being the best known in this context).

13

Forms of financing the cultural sector in Poland against the background of solutions from selected European countries

88%

Kaczmarek S. , Posłuszna J.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2018

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nr 4

11-16

EN

The article discusses various forms of financing culture and points to new ways of obtaining funds for artistic creativity in the near future. Culture is an important instrument of each country's policy, it plays a significant role in building the position of a state on the international arena. Although the cultural sector is very important, state budgets contribute only a little to the financing of culture and its functioning depends on various sources of financing. Many entities, belonging to this sector, generate income and co-create the economy. Others have their share in the economic turnover because they participate in the redistribution of goods and provide public artistic and cultural services, in this way creating support for business development and entrepreneurship. The paper highlights different approaches to financing culture in selected European countries, also touching upon America and Canada, and compares them with the situation in Poland.

14

Emperor Ferdinand I and the Antique: the Antique as Innovation

88%

Jansen J.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2015

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tom 7

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nr 2

202-218

XX

This paper proposes an approach to the study of the attitude towards antiquarian studies and the use of the antique example in the patronage of art at the court of Emperor Ferdinand I.

15

Svatý Jan v pomístních jménech Moravy a Slezska

88%

Šimečková M.

Acta onomastica

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2011

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tom 52

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nr 1

149-159

EN

The paper deals with Moravian and Silesian minor place names containing the personal name Jan. All of these names are motivated by relation to Saint John or by a nearness to objects sacred to him. In the first part, formal features of the respective names are described. In the second part, the autor deals with structural types of the names, their motivation and variability.

16

PATRONAGE OF THE MINISTRY OF POSTS AND TELEGRAPHS OVER THE MUSEUM OF POST AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS IN WARSAW IN 1921–1939

75%

Suma T.

Muzealnictwo

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2020

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tom 61

2-9

EN

In 1921, at the instigation and with the contribution of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, a post museum was founded in Warsaw. It was until 1950 that the Ministry continued to serve as the Museum’s sponsor supporting it. The establishment of the Museum under the auspices of the Ministry, being an organ of the central state administration, provided the institution with numerous benefits and essentially enabled its activity. The initiative was actually priceless; had it not been for the post department support, it would have been most likely impossible to establish the Museum in the first years following the end of WW I and Poland regaining independence. Throughout the 1920s and 30s, the Ministry organized social actions of collecting historical objects for the Museum, providing it with financing and factual backup, legal guidance, care for proper museum space, for the selection of appropriate museological staff, and last but not least, for the promotion of the Museum and its collections; at the same time, the Ministry made frequent donations to its subordinate institution. The activity of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs, as well as the personal commitment of its ministers to the establishment, and later to the maintaining of the Museum on the cultural map of Poland’s capital, significantly contributed to the effective operation of the only Museum of Post and Telecommunications in Poland.

17

NEWSPAPER PHOTOGRAPHS’ INFLUENCE ON MADE IN NIGERIA PRODUCTS PATRONAGE IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA

75%

Emman-Owums O. , Okonkwo C. P. , Ugboaja S. U.

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences

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2020

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tom 11(1)

171-184

EN

Pictures they say worth more than a thousand words. Photographs have gained a worldwide acceptance in terms of its usage in newspapers to stimulate the sales of goods and services based on its immense prowess to establish a mental picture in the mind of readers. This study examines newspaper photographs influence on made-in-Nigeria products patronage in Anambra State. The uses and gratifications theory was adopted as the core theoretical framework for this study. The study adopted survey research method with four hundred copies of questionnaire administered to respond-ents across five major cities in Anambra State. The study found that the regular usage of photographs on made-in-Nigeria product campaign by the newspapers have prompted many people to patronize locally made products. Therefore, this study rec-ommends that the use of photographs on made-in-Nigeria products’ campaign should be integrated or replicated on the various newspapers online platforms since majority of the respondents chose online, as their ideal source of accessing newspapers. Also, the study recommends that the federal government should ensure that the newspapers are constantly presenting pictures of quality made-in-Nigeria goods, so that readers’ will inadvertently get to associate these goods with quality and reliability. photographs, newspapers, influence, products, patronage, goods Wypowiadane przez nich obrazy warte więcej niż tysiąc słów. Fotografie zyskały ogólnoświatową akceptację w zakresie ich wykorzystania w gazetach do stymulowania sprzedaży towarów i usług w oparciu o ich ogromną zręczność w tworzeniu mentalnego obrazu w umysłach czytelników. Niniejsze badanie dotyczy wpływu fotografii prasowych na patronat produktów wyprodukowanych w Nigerii w stanie Anambra. Teoria zastosowań i gratyfikacji została przyjęta jako podstawowe ramy teoretyczne dla tego badania. W ba- daniu przyjęto metodę badania ankietowego, polegającą na podaniu czterystu kopii kwestionariusza respondentom w pięciu głównych miastach stanu Anambra. Badanie wyka- zało, że regularne wykorzystywanie zdjęć w kampanii dotyczącej produktów wyprodukowanych w Nigerii przez gazety skłoniło wiele osób do promowania produktów wytwarzanych lokalnie. Dlatego w badaniu tym zaleca się, aby wykorzystanie zdjęć w kampanii dotyczącej produktów wyprodukowanych w Nigerii zostało zintegrowane lub powielone na różnych platformach internetowych gazet, ponieważ większość respondentów wybrała internet, jako idealne źródło dostępu do gazet. Ponadto badanie zaleca, aby rząd federalny dopilnował, aby gazety stale prezentowały zdjęcia wysokiej jakości towarów wy- produkowanych w Nigerii, aby czytelnicy nieumyślnie skojarzyli te towary z jakością i niezawodnością. fotografie, gazety, wpływy, produkty, patronat, towary

18

LGBTQ+ Representation in Fictional Podcast Series

75%

Ferreyra E.

|

2022

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tom 66

|

nr 2

13-27

PL

The article offers an analysis of the frequency and quality of LGBTQ+ representation in fictional podcasts. I examine how frequently and with what intent LGBTQ+ characters are included in this medium. This research aims to fill the gap in academic work on LGBTQ+ representation in podcasts. Though scholars note an increase in representation in mainstream media, LGBTQ+ media consumers, especially young people, still look to other sources for validation of their identities. Many LGBTQ+ people look to fictional podcasts as a source of quality representation, especially because podcasts are small-scale and rely on the funding, and thus the opinion, of listeners (Bottomley, 2015). In this paper, I analyze four fictional podcast series for LGBTQ+ inclusivity. I note how many LGBTQ+ characters are included and in what proportion. I assess the quality of representation in four ways: diversity, depth, and the frequency and type of stereotypical LGBTQ+ tropes. My findings show a high frequency of LGBTQ+ characters and diversity of personalities and backgrounds, opportunities for these characters to express their sexual and/or gender identities as well as LGBTQ+ trope subversions. Thus, we see that fictional podcasts, as a medium that sustains itself by listeners’ patronage, present stories that their audience can relate to. As a result, fictional podcasts create more niche stories that make connections with smaller demographics of media consumers.

19

Finansowanie pism kulturalnych w Polsce Ludowej i po 1989 roku na przykładzie Wrocławia

75%

Urbaniak P.

Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej

|

2013

|

tom 16

|

nr 1(31)

187-203

EN

The article aims at presenting the mechanisms of financing the cultural magazines in Poland in the two periods: in the 70s and 80s of the XXth century as well as in the new political reality after the transformation in 1989. The paper is, therefore, an attempt to describe two models of the functioning of the cultural magazines. Firstly, the communist model is analysed. In this model the press concerning cultural subject matters was financed exclusively by the state authorities. The second part of the article describes the situation of the cultural magazines in the democratic conditions in which this type of press deprived of its propagandist function remained financially dependent on the support of state institutions. The analysis is conducted on the basis of cultural magazines in Wrocław, which portrays countrywide mechanisms of financing cultural magazines in the chosen periods.

20

Vztahové sítě španělských a papežských diplomatů u císařského dvora na pozadí krize z let 1608–1609

75%

Černušák T. , Marek P.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2017

|

tom 115

|

nr 4

1075-1097

EN

The main aims of this study is to analyse the activities of relationship networks with which the Papal Nuncio Antonio Caetani and Spanish envoys Guillén de San Clemente and Baltasar de Zúñiga surrounded themselves at a time of crisis in the Hapsburg Monarchy in the years 1608–1609.