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Dyplomacja czasów przełomu Jan Paweł II i kształtowanie się dyplomacji publicznej

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Strzałka K.

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nr 3(29)

219-243

EN

During the course of the pontificate of the Polish pope and thanks to his efforts and initiative, the Holy See elaborated upon its own holistic formula of the activity of the Church in the international arena. This formula constituted the essence of its influence, its “policy” and “soft power” toward the most important international concerns (the social doctrine of the Church). This formula was also associated with the formation of new ideas concerning international law, especially the right to humanitarian involvement, and it made a significant contribution to the development of human rights in the wide scope of this area of concern: from the right to religious freedom to the right to live. During the course of John Paul II’s pontificate there was a qualitative and unprecedented increase of the prestige of the Holy See in the world which was expressed e.g. in the construction of its position as an important entity by the Holy See. The innovative character of the activity of the Holy See in the international arena during the course of John Paul II’s pontificate consisted above all in the achievement of moral prestige in the world and in the granting of the role of the “conscience of mankind” to the Holy See. Behind this expression lies the essence of the pope’s thinking about social, economic and political concerns. This essence defines the content of the “international policy of the Holy See” and it is referred to as the “social doctrine of the Church”. An in‑depth analysis of the activity of the Holy See in the international sphere during the course of John Paul II’s pontificate furnishes many inspirational examples concerning how considerable influence and great results may be achieved by employing the means of “soft power” and public diplomacy. The means that were widely used by the pope both to present the principles of the social doctrine of the Church and to construct in this way real power and influence were associated mainly with appeals and persuasive speeches delivered publicly to the world, especially during meetings and prayer (general audiences, the Angelus, meetings with young people, world days, meetings with politicians, public appearances in the fora of international organizations, pastoral pilgrimages, the delivery of occasional messages, letters submitted to various professional groups). The actions and interventions of Pope John Paul II in the sphere of international relations were always based on moral and ethical deliberations concerning the questions of social justice and the rights and dignity of man. These concepts lay at the heart of the Catholic social doctrine on which the international policy of the Holy See during the course of this great pontificate was based. Experience and numerous examples prove that wherever his message was accepted, the pastoral mission, presence and effectiveness of delivery could achieve extraordinary results. However, the Pope’s influence upon the entire sphere of international relations should be perceived in a broader perspective than just the political one. His influence was consistent with the mechanics of public influence and the formation of international relations based on everlasting ethical and moral values whose considerable shortage is perceived by a growing percentage of entities and participants of global exchange and diplomacy.

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Jan Paweł II i obecność Stolicy Apostolskiej na Czarnym Lądzie

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Hoser H.

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nr 3(29)

93-99

EN

I. Africa – discovering an unknown land. Africa – the poorest continent, tormented by numerous plagues, malnutrition, diseases, persistent conflicts. The land of neocolonial expansion of great powers where evangelization brought a marked leap in civilization. II. John Paul II – the missionary of Africa. John Paul II made 14 pilgrimages to Africa, he visited 42 out of the existing 54 countries. He frequently made reference to the history and culture of all of the countries that he visited, he encouraged the development of the native African family culture, he brought hope and made appeals for justice. III. The content of his message, the peculiarity of its recipients. The legacy of John Paul II – numerous speeches and addresses directed to the societies and the faithful of the African continent. The statements concerned the problems of the great regions of the continent. IV. Apostolic Nuntiatures. The Vatican maintains diplomatic relations with the majority of the countries of Africa – there are ca. 40 Apostolic Nuntiatures. The Nuntiatures are a reliable source of information and appreciation of the situation because they receive data from the most remote parts of parishes and missionary stations. V. The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. The dioceses of young Churches are within the missionary jurisdiction of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. This applies to the overwhelming majority of the African countries. VI. The Papal Missionary Works. They were established by Pope Pius XI in 1922. The Papal Works provide all spiritual and material assistance acquired in countries of greater possibilities and prior evangelization to missionary countries, including the countries of Africa. VII. From Ecclesia in Africa to Africae Munus. Ecclesia in Africa is the final document of the Apostolic Adhortation which was proclaimed on 14 September 1995, whereas Africae Munus is the final document of the II Special Assembly for Africa – prepared by John Paul II and called by Benedict XVI. The document was proclaimed on 11 November 2011.

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Giovanni Paolo II – pellegrino di pace e di speranza in Messsico, San Sal vador e Fatima nelle testimonianze di un Nunzio Apostolico

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Monteiro de Castro M.

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nr 3(29)

113-120

EN

During my career in the diplomacy of the Holy See, I had the opportunity of receiving the Holy Father, John Paul II, during his pilgrimages to Mexico, Salvador, Fatima and Spain. All of those pilgrimages proved to be a remarkable gift for the Church and for the visited countries, thanks both to the extraordinary personality of the Pope and the way in which he engaged current problems and challenges and thanks to his immense influence upon the transformations of the world. The visit to Mexico in late January of 1979 – the first pilgrimage of the new Pope – took place in extraordinary circumstances: the lack of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Mexico, numerous bans to which the Catholic Church was subject in this country (the clergymen were forbidden to wear frocks in public places, the holy mass could not be celebrated outside sacred places, foreign clergymen were subject to many bans). The main reason of the visit was John Paul II’s desire to participate in the III Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM), which was organized in the Puebla de los Ángeles and which was crucial for this continent. The papal decision, with its strategic importance for the Church, continues to impress after the elapsing of a few decades. The risk that was taken by the Pope, who was received only as the head of the Vatican State (not as the head of the Church) and the week that he spent in Mexico proved to be a great success and an event of crucial importance for the future of Latin America. John Paul II’s pilgrimage to Salvador in March 1983, undertaken during an all‑out civil war in that country, had a peace‑loving and conciliatory character. By calling the parties of the conflict to mutual respect and forgiveness, the Pope embraced the building of a future based on hope and peace and the rejection of ideologies which fail to respect the dignity and rights of the human person. During his second visit to this country, in February 1996, John Paul II called the citizens and those in power to create an atmosphere of true peace achieved through brotherhood and a just distribution of material goods. The words and prayers of the Pope were answered. The message to the nation and the young people remained in the hearts of most of the inhabitants of Salvador. The real quest for peace began, and this peace was achieved with major difficulties. Fatima was an example of John Paul II’s extraordinary visits – it was made on 13 May 1999, marking the exact day of the memorable attempt on his life in the Vatican (13 May 1981). He thanked the Heavenly Mother for the gift of life and the saving of his life against impending danger. The pilgrimage to Spain in early May 2003 did not have any features of a ritual or accepted ceremonies. As usual, the Pope demonstrated a remarkable intuition and respect for the traditions of this country. This was the fifth visit of John Paul II to this country (the previous ones took place in November 1982, October 1984, August 1989 – to celebrate the World Youth Day, in mid‑June 1993 – to mark the Eucharistic Congress). A special feature of this visit was associated with the canonization of five new Spanish saints and the meeting with young people. During the latter meeting the Pope reminded the participants about the Christian roots of Europe, that Europe should remain faithful to the message and it should not succumb to the ill‑conceived modernity. He made a point that the vocation of the Old Continent is to become the beacon of civilization and a stimulant of progress around the world. The Pope called the young people to work for peace, to fight evil by the force of forgiveness and to avoid nationalism and intolerance. John Paul II’s visits in Latin America, Fatima and Spain were filled with a profundity of teaching and they contributed to the installation of a true world order based on love, peace and forgiveness.