Since the beginning of 18th century and especially during the Great Northern War, the convent of st. Clare was bearing many expenses in order to maintain Polish and foreign (the Saxon, Swedish, Russian, and Prussian) armies. Additionally, there were the costs of war contributions and also buyouts of the equipment, food, horses, cattle, and people arrested or confiscated during the marches of separate troops through the villages belonging to the nuns. At the outbreak of Kościuszko Uprising (24th March 1794) the Clarisses were dutifully performing all recommendations of the insurgent authorities, related with financial support of this patriotic spurt: they have equiped the recruit for the equestrian militia ensuring him clothes, tacked up horse, weapons, the wage; additionally, they have provided people for defense and also prepared bandages. Especially painful for them was the requisition (in the form of a loan) of silver, mostly in the form of valuable liturgical equipment, which they have never recovered. After the fall of Cracow (15th June 1794) the sisters were forced to keep the Prussian troops that were stationed in the city.
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Dostęp do pełnego tekstu na zewnętrznej witrynie WWW
The Polish state within the span of over a thousand years of history changed its borders several times, although it is conventionally accepted that its ethnic territory stretches from the river Odra in the west to the Bug in the east, and from the Baltic Sea in the north to the mountain ranges in the south. The article deals with the subject of the shaping of national identity of the knighthood in the Middle Ages and then its subsequent transformations during Poland’s partition, the emergence of ethnic minorities (especially Germans and Jews) and the attitude of the local population to them in the pre-partition period. The discussed phenomena include xenophobia and xenophilia, the Polonization of foreigners and their impact on Polish culture during the partition of Poland. In the interwar period a new concept of minorities was created with regard to Ukrainians, Belorussians and Lithuanians inhabiting their ethnic territories which had been incorporated into the Polish state. Politics determined new borders after the end of World War II, which resulted in yet another “migration of peoples” this time from the east to the west and the ensuing assimilation processes.
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