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EN
The article deals with the issue of parody in the context of trademark law. Just as humor can be expressed in different ways, so too can its meaning and purpose. In the vast majority of cases, humor will be a form of expression protected by the fundamental right to freedom of expression. Trademark owners invest considerable sums of money in creating, maintaining, and promoting a trademark (and the products or services associated with it). Parodying another’s trademark can cause damage to its owner, either to its reputation or to its distinctive character. This can occur both when the parodied sign is applied for registration as a trademark and through the simple use and dissemination of the humorous version. The article first introduces the issue of freedom of expression and parody in trademark law and then presents selected cases and examples from the Czech legal and commercial environment. The article also analyses selected cases from American trademark law, which has a much richer history of trademark parody cases and can serve as a source of inspiration for the application of the doctrines of confusion and dilution. Finally, it presents a comprehensive view of the possibilities of dealing with trademark parody cases in the Czech Republic, both from the perspective of assessing the likelihood of confusion and the unfair advantage of distinctiveness.
CS
Článek se zabývá tématem humorného projevu ve formě parodie v kontextu práva ochranných známek. Stejně jako může být humor projevován rozličnými způsoby, může se lišit jeho smysl a cíl. V převážné většině případů přitom půjde o takový projev, jenž bude chráněn základním a v demokratické společnosti klíčovým právem na svobodu projevu. Do vytvoření, uchovávání a propagování ochranných známek (respektive výrobků či služeb s nimi spojených) investují jejich držitelé nezanedbatelné peněžní prostředky. Humorizování cizí ochranné známky může způsobit újmu na reputaci i na rozlišovací způsobilosti ochranné známky. K této újmě přitom může docházet jednak za situace, kdy je žádáno o zápis přetvořeného označení jako ochranné známky, jednak cestou prostého „faktického“ užívání a šíření humoristické verze označení. V článku je nejprve věnována pozornost svobodě projevu a pozici parodie v právu ochranných známek, následně jsou představeny vybrané případy a příklady z českého právního a obchodního prostředí. Článek též analyzuje vybrané kauzy z amerického práva ochranných známek, které má historii případů parodií ochranných známek o poznání bohatší a v souvislosti s aplikací doktrín confusion a dilution může posloužit jako rámcový inspirační zdroj. V závěru je představen komplexní náhled na možnosti řešení případů parodií ochranných známek v České republice, a to jak z pohledu posuzování pravděpodobnosti záměny, tak těžení z rozlišovací způsobilosti.
2
Content available Dvě hostiny a (středověká) parodie
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2019
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tom 16
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nr 31
15-24
EN
This article examines parody in medieval literature and in folk literature and culture up to the 19th century. It analyses sacred parody (Bible parody), its significant aspects and role in literature and culture. The study focuses primarily on Cena Cypriani and Mesiáš přišel na svět pravdivý [The True Messiah Has Come into the World]. The Cena Cypriani is an anonymous prose work written in Latin. The text was probably written around 400 and tells the story of a banquet held at Cana in Galilee, where a king invites many biblical figures to attend a wedding. The song Mesiáš přišel na svět pravdivý is written in Czech, comes from the 18th century and narrates the story of a wedding feast at Cana. This article examines the origin of the song Mesiáš přišel na svět pravdivý and its dissemination throughout central Europe (in Slavic literatures, primarily in Polish).
3
Content available remote Parodie jako forma intertextuality
80%
EN
The paper deals with attributes of parody as a textual phenomenon, the features of which are substantially determined by the intertextual relationship to the object of parody (pretext). Definitions of parody, though they have a common core (work that imitates pretext and at the same time transforms it to make the final effect humorous or critical and polemical), allow for great variability of conceptions. One pole is constituted by broad delimitations, the other by approaches which try to precisely distinguish parody from other ways of connecting to the pretext (travesty, pastiche, etc.). An especially important differentiation is determined by the question of whether parody is consistently seen as a text focused on another text, or whether works that use pretext operations to make comments on the phenomena of reality are classified as parody. The paper also deals with the description of techniques that are used for the derivation of parody from the pretext and signals used to make recipients aware that they should interpret the text as a parody. In the last part of the article, the concepts introduced are applied in the analysis of two Czech parodic texts written by Jiří Haussmann and Michal Viewegh.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse the employment and transgression of generic norms in the contemporary French novel on the basis of the fiction of Jean Echenoz, a major figure in modern French literature. A story of unfulfilled love and unsuccessful plot, L’Équipée malaise is first of all an unconventional text which rejects conventions and subverts the habitual mode of reading. In his re-writing of the adventure novel Echenoz does not naively imitate the generic conventions or write a simple parody. Only occasionally employing its staple motifs and characteristic scenes, he creates an unusual novel, which is simultaneously an inverted reflection of the genre and a transgression of its boundaries. By juxtaposing a stereotypical story with nomadic narration based on digressions, repetitions and numerous plot twists, he turns the novel of adventure into “the adventure of writing” which offers the reader an intellectual journey into the world of fiction, whose norms have been subverted.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wykorzystywania reguł gatunkowych i ich transgresji we współczesnej prozie francuskiej, na przykładzie powieści czołowego jej przedstawiciela jakim jest Jean Echenoz. Historia niespełnionej miłości i nieudanego spisku, L’Équipée malaise to przede wszystkim niekonwencjonalny tekst, który odrzuca schematy i burzy utarte czytelnicze nawyki. Nawiązując do kanonów powieści przygodowej, Echenoz nie kopiuje w naiwny sposób konwencji gatunkowych ani też nie dokonuje ewidentnej parodii. Poprzestając na sporadycznym zapożyczeniu utartych wątków i charakterystycznych scen, tworzy nietypową powieść, która jest jednocześnie negatywnym odbiciem gatunku i przekraczaniem jego granic. Zestawienie stereotypowej opowieści z nomadyczną narracją opartą na dygresyjności, powtórzeniach i licznych zwrotach akcji przekształca powieść przygodową w „przygodę pisania”, oferując czytelnikowi intelektualną wycieczkę w świat fikcji, której zasady zostały podważone.
FR
Le présent article se pose pour but d’analyser la transgression des rčgles génériques dans le roman L’Équipée malaise de Jean Echenoz. Histoire d’un amour déçu et d’un projet échoué, L’Équipée malaise c’est surtout un texte déconcertant qui réfute les schémas conventionnels et les habitudes de lecture. Sans imiter de maničre naďve les principes du genre évoqué, Echenoz ne procčde non plus ŕ une parodie évidente. En empruntant au roman d’aventures quelques trames d’ensemble ou des scčnes conventionnelles, il construit un roman tout ŕ fait original qui est ŕ la fois un reflet négatif du genre évoqué et sa transgression męme. La confrontation entre un récit fictionnel stéréotypé et une narration déréglée transforme un roman d’aventures en une aventure du roman, offrant au lecteur tout le plaisir intellectuel de lire une fiction subvertie.
EN
The myth of the vampire inspired many literary and audio-visual creations. Some of them tried to seduce a young audience. This is the case of the Twilight saga films (adaptation of the Stephenie Meyer novels), that the four Spanish comics of the cycle Crepúsculon want to parody. We will study Crepúsculon adopting an exclusively linguistic approach and more precisely, in this article, an onomastic approach, through rhetorical tropes.
FR
Le mythe du vampire a inspiré de nombreuses créations littéraires et audio-visuelles qui ont, pour certaines, cherché à atteindre un public adolescent. C’est le cas de la saga cinématographique Twilight (adaptation des romans de Stephenie Meyer) que les quatre BD espagnoles du cycle Crepúsculon s’emploient à parodier. Nous aborderons Crepúsculon en adoptant une approche exclusivement linguistique, et, en particulier, dans le cadre de cet article, onomastique, par le biais des tropes rhétoriques.
6
Content available remote Zorro, Don Q a Estevan Rex: rodinný detektivní podnik otce a syna Tůmových
80%
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nr 4
464-474
EN
This article deals with the question of the “nationalization” of the detective genre, which can be seen with increasing frequency in Czech literary culture from the last third of the 1920s, both in literary journalism and in the actual works. In this context, the prose works featuring the detective Estevan Rex, written by Ladislav and Vladimír Tůma, are a remarkable example of the trend towards domestication of the genre. In the present essay we focus in particular on the unusually broad genre field in which the individual texts are situated and the attempt, unusual at that time, to create a shared fictional world in which they take place.
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nr 1(6)
171-187
EN
In Kieszonkowy atlas kobiet (2008), the first novel by Sylwia Chutnik (born in 1979), all protagonists bear traits of uncanniness. Her female characters reside between life and death, real life and nightmare, day and night, the acceptable and the (socially) forbidden. They are also bordering on madness. These motives, however, are presented by the author as comic, and what is more, in a manner resembling the game of cognitive perspectives in Romantic literature. Like a Romantic ballad-writer, the author’s narrator either enters the imaginary world vouching for its reality, or she undermines it, discreetly suggesting the fictional and literary nature of a story. The Romantic aesthetics has not, however, been revised by Chutnik, but used similarly to Umberto Eco’s notion of intertextual irony. Chutnik emphasizes her distance toward employed conventions (if only because of their historic character). As a result, she creates an ironic variation of the identity novel, which proves only partial identification of Chutnik’s writings with the prevailing narrative models. However indispensable these models are, their validity is totally arguable.
FR
Dans Kieszkonkowy atlas kobiet (2008), premier roman de Sylwia Chutnik (née en 1979), toutes les héroïnes les plus importantes portent les marques de l’insolite. Elles figurent comme des personnages se trouvant à la charnière de la vie et de la mort, de l’état de veille et du rêve-cauchemar, du jour et de la nuit, de l’admissible et de l’interdit (au niveau social). Elles frôlent également la folie. Cependant, l’écrivaine donne à ces motifs un caractère comique, et elle le fait de la façon qui évoque le jeu des perspectives cognitives dans la littérature romantique. À l’instar des auteurs romantiques de ballades, le narrateur tantôt pénètre dans l’univers représenté et affirme son caractère réel, tantôt il le met en question tout en soulignant d’une façon discrète le caractère fictif et littéraire du récit. Toutefois, l’esthétique romantique n’a pas été actualisée par Chutnik, mais elle a été réalisée d’une manière qui correspond à la notion de l’ironie intertextuelle introduite par Umberto Eco. Or, l’auteure marque la distance par rapport aux conventions rapportées (que ce soit à cause de leur caractère historique). En effet, l’écrivaine construit une variante ironique du récit identitaire témoignant d’une identification incomplète de la production littéraire de Chutnik aux narrations prédominantes ; même si l’on ne peut pas se passer de ces narrations-ci, leur validité est fort discutable.
EN
The article revises the view that the concept of “carnival” (one of the main contributions of M. M. Bakhtin in humanities worldwide) can have a single ontological nature (either negative or positive). It argues for the necessity to differentiate within this “unofficial” area of culture — based on Russian material. Holy foolishness and buffoonery are kinds of ontological extremes of “serious-laughing” space of carnival. On the surface they are similar — as a parody of dominating world order norms. However, their “deviance” has different vectors in Russian tradition. While buffoonery in one way or another gravitates towards the area of “sin”, holy foolishness in Russian culture is related by those who represent it to the area of «holiness» one way or the other. In other words, while buffoonery indicates “unlawfulness” violating the “norms” of a generally accepted Law (even though this “violation” is always performed within certain boundaries, which are defined by Law itself), holy foolishness is a “supra lawful” cultural factor and gravitates towards another axiological extreme: Grace. In Russian literature, one should differentiate between the gravitation of authors towards either holy foolishness, or buffoonery, and in some cases one can talk about the contamination of holy foolishness and buffoonery.
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