Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Surrogacy legal issues in the UK and the Czech Republic

100%

Burešová K.

The Lawyer Quarterly

|

2017

|

tom 7

|

nr 1

29-39

EN

One of the basic meanings of the life of a human is to have a descendant. If the natural conception fails, people look for other options. One of them is surrogacy. Surrogacy stands for a long way with uncertain end and result. The only certain result is, some rules must change. One of them is “mater semper certa est”. Legislation on surrogacy varries coutry to country. Some countries, like United Kingdom, recognize surrogacy on law basis for decades. Some countries, on the other hand, do not have legal bounds set. Although the surrogacy as a medical treatment is legal there. Czech Republic stands just for the country with no legislation. Comparism of these two systems may lead to the conclusion what are the challenges of surrogacy in the law field.

2

Rola pracodawcy w realizowaniu uprawnień pracowników związanych z rodzicielstwem

100%

Czerniak-Swędzioł J.

Przegląd Prawa i Administracji

|

2018

|

tom 113

23-41

EN

Over the last ten years, the Labor Code has signifi cantly expanded employees’ rights related to parenthood, and thus the role of the employer in the fi eld of their implementation has changed fundamentally. The employer remains obliged to fulfi ll the employee’s basic rights enumerated in the Labour Code as a parent. However, the Polish legislator excessively burdens the employer with the role of the sole contractor of these general social principles related to the protection of motherhood and family, which causes a clear upset in the implementation of the constitutional obligations of the state towards its citizens. Looking at individual stages of employment from the period of pregnancy, in which protection is particularly strong, through the obligation to exercise parental leave and obligations imposed on the employer to employ an employee after taking leave, on protection during the period of custody, these are clearly noticeable limitations and burdens for the employer. The burden imposed on a particular employer often remains completely disproportionate to its capabilities. The employer bears the costs of social policy, which should be implemented by the state, thus it is fulfi lling the role of the guarantor in securing social interests. The solutions adopted by the Polish legislator stand in clear opposition to the regulation of international law. The burdens currently imposed on the employer resulting from the provisions of the Labor Code could be implemented to a large extent by relevant public insurance systems. De lege ferenda, the obligation to protect motherhood and the family as a constitutional social obligation should be carried out jointly by the state and the employer. De lege lata, the lack of proportionality is clearly visible in the regulations in force and it signifi cantly limits the principle of economic freedom and employer’s property, in particular in relation to small entrepreneurs.

3

Maternity Leave of a Prison Service Officer

88%

Kumor-Jezierska E.

|

tom 28

|

nr 1 English Online Version

17-39

EN

The study examines maternity leave regulations in a situation where both parents or legal guardians of a child are officers of the Polish Prison Service, or one of them is a PS officer, and the other is an employee or insured on the basis other than the employment relationship, e.g. a contract of mandate. The latest amendment of 24 July 2015 amending the Labour Code Act and certain other laws has extended the range of cases where it is possible for other eligible persons to use part of maternity leave. The new solution enable not only the parents of the child but also other immediate family members to use part of maternity leave. The complexity of the provisions related to parental rights makes interpretation difficult. Moreover, neither the Prison Service Act nor the provision of Article 29 para. 5 of the Act on cash benefits from social insurance, referred to by the Labour Code, specifies which specific persons can be regarded as the closest family. Proper determination of entitled persons is crucial, as it entails the payment of benefits financed by the State, and also, on the basis of the Act on Prison Service, the legislator guarantees protection of the public service relationship by virtue of Article 108 to officers (regardless of the eligible person’s gender and the degree of relationship) taking maternity leave or holiday leave on the terms of maternity leave.

4

Łączenie pracy z opieką i wychowaniem dziecka w świetle przepisów prawa pracy

75%

Majchrzak K.

Studia Prawnicze KUL

|

2017

|

nr 1

89-99

EN

The article presents the possibility of combination of leaves connected with parenthood with performance of work. The primary objective of leaves connected with parenthood is providing care and upbringing to children. However, bearing in mind such elements as the Polish employment market and financial position of the parents, the legislator has provided with parent employees with possibility to combine child care with work. An employee on parental leave can undertake work at the enterprise of the employer who awarded the said leave as well as for another employer or undertake a different activity, also education or training. It is important that the undertaken work or other activity cannot exclude the possibility of obtaining the objective of the provided leave, i.e. taking care over the child.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia możliwości łączenia urlopów związanych z rodzicielstwem z wykonywaniem pracy. Zasadniczym celem urlopów związanych z rodzicielstwem jest sprawowanie opieki i wychowanie dzieci. Jednak mając na uwadze m.in. polski rynek pracy oraz sytuację finansową rodziców ustawodawca przewidział dla pracowników – rodziców możliwość łączenia sprawowanej opieki z pracą. Pracownik przebywający na urlopie rodzicielskim i urlopie wychowawczym ma prawo podjąć pracę zarówno u pracodawcy, który udzielił mu takiego urlopu, jak i u innego pracodawcy oraz inną działalność, a także naukę lub szkolenie. Ważne aby podjęta praca lub inna działalność nie wykluczała możliwości realizacji celu udzielonego urlopu, tj. sprawowania opieki nad dzieckiem.

5

Uprawnienia funkcjonariuszy służb mundurowych związane z rodzicielstwem

65%

Witoszko W.

|

2015

|

nr 1 (201)

7-33

EN

Service regulations which define employment of uniform service officers in regards to parental rights, predicts provisions which refer to applying the provisions of the Labour Code. It means that, the services regulations are not complete, and therefore application of provisions from other law systems is allowed. Another example of relations between a uniform service employment and the labour law, is introducing rules to service regulations which are similar (or identical) to a labour law. As previously mentioned, the amount of benefit payment during the leave related to childcare, has been regulated in the same way to they employees who take this kind of leave. Making officer’s status similar to employe’s status cause diverse consequences for officers. Some of them are more favorable to officers, for example parental rights. In this way, officers can benefit from these rights regardless of gender. Almost in the same way as employees, officers also have a right to additional maternity leave and childcare leave. Other changes, in relation to making officer’s status similar to employe’s status, cause however loss of service officers’ privileges, for example decreased pay during sick leave.

6

Wolność religijna w ośrodkach izolacji nieletnich w świetle polskich regulacji

63%

Sitarz O. , Jaworska-Wieloch A. , Hanc J.

Prawo w Działaniu

|

2023

|

nr 57

121-146

EN

The subject matter of this publication is the issue of religious freedom of juveniles placed in isolation centres, with particular attention to the competitiveness of the entities that co-shape the decision on the scope of the right to religious practices and services in such centres, i.e., the child themselves, their parents or guardians and the administration of the correctional institution. The paper considers the importance of a child’s religious freedom and their right to self-determination. It goes on to consider the rights of parents or guardians to raise their child in their faith and culture, both in light of Polish and international regulations. This is a particularly momentous problem, especially in the event of incompatibility between the child’s will and the parents’ decision in this regard. On the one hand, the legislator has decided that a child of a certain age is sufficiently aware to be responsible for their actions, while on the other hand, the child cannot yet decide on their own to participate in religion lessons and religious practices and services. Finally, it is attempted in the publication to decode the scope of the authority of the administration of correctional institutions and juvenile correctional centres on the subject of religious freedom of their residents. This is an issue relevant not only to the field of criminal and juvenile law, but also to human rights.

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszej publikacji jest problematyka wolności religijnej nieletnich umieszczonych w ośrodkach izolacji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem konkurencyjności podmiotów, które współkształtują decyzję o zakresie prawa do praktyk i posług religijnych w takich ośrodkach, tj. samego dziecka, jego rodziców bądź opiekunów oraz administracji zakładu poprawczego. W pracy podjęto rozważania nad znaczeniem wolności religijnej dziecka oraz jego prawa do samostanowienia. W dalszej kolejności rozważono prawa rodziców bądź opiekunów do wychowania dziecka w swojej wierze i kulturze, zarówno w świetle polskich, jak i międzynarodowych regulacji. Jest to problem szczególnie doniosły, zwłaszcza w razie niezgodności woli dziecka z decyzją rodziców w tymże zakresie. Ustawodawca z jednej strony zdecydował, że dziecko w określonym wieku jest wystarczająco świadome, by ponosić odpowiedzialność za swoje czyny, a z drugiej strony nie może ono jeszcze samodzielnie decydować o uczestnictwie w lekcjach religii oraz praktykach i posługach religijnych. Wreszcie w publikacji podjęto próbę zdekodowania zakresu uprawnień administracji zakładów poprawczych i młodzieżowych ośrodków wychowawczych w przedmiocie wolności religijnej ich wychowanków. Jest to zagadnienie istotne nie tylko dla obszaru prawa karnego i prawa nieletnich, lecz także praw człowieka.

7

Macierzyństwo zastępcze. Pokusa czy nadzieja na przyszłość?

63%

Taraszkiewicz E.

|

2023

|

nr 1

44-59

EN

Surrogacy arrangements are a complex and challenging issue for legal regulation. On the one hand, if we wish to promote personal autonomy and enable the infertile to experience parenthood, there is a case for allowing these arrangements to proceed. However, objections to legal sanctioning of surrogacy include concerns for the surrogate and the child born through the surrogacy arrangement. Legally sanctioning surrogacy may also adversely affect social conceptions of women's roles or may be considered a form of commodifying women's reproductive capacities.

PL

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę braku przepisów regulujących kwestie korzystania z usług surogatek. Zaprezentowano w nim stanowisko polskiego orzecznictwa, w analizie porównawczej przedstawiono porządki prawne Izraela, regulujące zjawisko matek zastępczych oraz zawierania umów, których przedmiotem staje się urodzenie i przekazanie dziecka rodzicom docelowym. Autorka, podejmując się analizy oczekiwań wobec współczesnego problemu bezpłodności oraz aktualnego stanu prawnego, który to próbuje przypisać surogacji odpowiedzialność karną na podstawie art. 189a § 1 ustawy z 6.06.1997 r. – Kodeks karny (Dz.U. z 2022 r. poz. 1138), rozważa potrzebę depenalizacji umów o urodzenie dziecka.