Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Panic and the Lack of Moral Competence. How We Can Help to Prevent Panic Pandemics

100%

Lind G.

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nr 1

84-94

EN

Often we have to decide on difficult problems and conflicts. For this, a certain level of moral competence is needed, in order to solve them as quickly and adequately as possible. Otherwise these problems and conflicts can overwhelm us, triggering a feeling of fear and panic, and making us react too slowly or inadequately, or both. Fear and panic can make us ignore problems and conflicts, attempt to “solve” them through brute force or deceit, or declare them to be beyond our responsibility and let an authority decide what to do. Often such makeshift solutions seem to work, but, more often, they have damaging effects. Therefore, society tries to curb criminal and anti-democratic activities through coercion, that is, through laws, law-enforcing institutions, and correction facilities – at high costs, and often with little efficacy. In this article I show that such coercion would not be needed if we gave all citizens an opportunity to develop their ability to solve conflicts and problems through thinking and discus-sion. Moral competence would immunize us against fear and panic, and thus also against immoral practices. Moral competence is not inborn in us, and it does not develop unless it is fostered through proper learning opportunities. Therefore, if we want to live together peace¬fully in a democratic society, we need to provide proper learning opportunities for everyone, not only of a few people. If the masses are infected by panic, a few rational people cannot stop this pandemic.

2

The Impact of War and Pandemic Crises on the Sovereign Creditworthiness and Solvency. The Position, Role and Decisions of International Rating Agencies

88%

Lepczyński B. , Pisarewicz P.

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nr 5

149-170

EN

Theoretical background: The sovereign creditworthiness and solvency in the context of the pandemic and war crises is one of the biggest challenges that the modern world and the financial market face. It has a key impact on the basic economic indicators, including the price of debt incurred by individual countries and, thus, the profitability of debt securities. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began at the turn of 2019 and 2020, and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine which started on 24 February 2022, have strongly impacted the level of debt of European states and other countries of the world. The energy crisis, which is currently growing, is also taking its toll on the main economic indicators. International credit rating agencies are institutions that have been analysing the sovereign creditworthiness and solvency and individual business entities for many decades. At times, their activities have been the subject of criticism, but their place in the global financial market seems unthreatened and the results of their work still constitute the basic indicator of creditworthiness and solvency evaluation. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to present issues related to the impact of war and pandemic crises on the sovereign creditworthiness and solvency and also the position, role and decisions of international rating agencies. Due to the ongoing war in Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic, these are very important issues that have a real impact on the economic condition of individual countries as well as the standard of living of citizens. This article focuses on these elements of the contemporary reality. Research methods: The subject matter and purpose of the article have been illustrated against the background of current theoretical knowledge, historical research and the latest analyses of key economic indicators, such as inflation or bond yields. The study of the impact of wars on sovereign ratings was empirical. To visualise the historical scale of the wars and pandemics destruction, in the analytical part of the study, statistical data has been re-scaled to the current global population. Main findings: The research conducted in this article has indicated that crises related to a pandemic and war have a negative impact on the sovereign creditworthiness and solvency. Historical studies of armed conflicts and pandemics have shown that the former had a significantly greater impact on inflation and bond yields. For example, the level of inflation started to drop within one year after the end of the wars and almost immediately after the end of the pandemic. The same applied to bond yields. Of course, this was directly reflected in the evaluations of international rating agencies. The issues discussed in the article are of practical application, because the on-going war in Ukraine and the COVID-19 pandemic have had a very large impact on the global economy and the financial condition of individual countries. Our research also shows that the war hit the ratings of sovereign countries directly involved in the war, while other countries’ ratings (possibly threatened by aggression from Russia in the future – e.g. EU countries) remain stable.

3

“Black swans” in administrative law

63%

Handrlica J. , Sharapaev V. , Blahoudková G.

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nr 3

479-492

EN

“Black swans” represent major adverse events having tremendous consequences that are prospectively (though not retrospectively) unpredictable. Fact is that the existing law may provide for certain measures that will be able to cope with some of the consequences of a “black swan”. However, due to the unpredictable nature of “black swans”, their ex ante regulation by the means of law seems to be not entirely possible. This article aims to address – in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic – mutual relations between the features of “black swans” and administrative law.

4

COVID-19 Forced Social Distancing and Isolation: A Multi-Perspective Experience

51%

Janz B. , Kaznina E. , Jihyun K. , Ammann C. , Kohlberg D. , Mamali C.

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nr 1

20-60

PL

The article is combined of six chapters authored by these who voiced their experiences with social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemics in various contexts, but mostly centered on psychological, sociological, and ethical aspects. Authors, mostly psychologists and philosophers, were invited to describe their perspectives on the sense and practice of social distancing in times of pandemics. Their reflections seek to demonstrate various perspectives related to subjects’ novel self-experience, social situatedness, and their dealing with conventions and habits altered through the pandemics. As “the owl of Minerva takes its flight only when the shades of night are gathering” (Hegel), there is no conclusion in this article. It rather encourages other authors to reflect on the nearly global, still lasting phenomenon.

5

Zdrowie psychiczne dzieci i młodzieży w roku 2020 na podstawie rozmów w 116 111 – telefonie zaufania

51%

Dąbrowska P.

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nr 2: Ochrona dzieci przed krzywdzeniem w czasie pandemii COVID-19

63-75

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano dane liczbowe pochodzące z 116 111 – telefonu zaufania dla dzieci i młodzieży zebrane przez Fundację Dajemy Dzieciom Siłę (FDDS) w latach 2019 i 2020. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na pogorszenie ogólnego stanu zdrowia psychicznego dzieci i młodzieży w wyniku pandemii COVID-19 oraz wprowadzanych restrykcji mających na celu ograniczenia jej rozprzestrzeniania się. Pandemia spowodowała u dzieci i nastolatków wzrost częstości stanów lęku, niepokoju, napięcia, stresu i samotności, co przełożyło się na częstsze występowanie myśli i prób samobójczych, a co za tym idzie zwiększyło liczbę interwencji podejmowanych przez pracowników FDDS. Izolacja i zamknięcie ograniczyły dostęp do podstawowej opieki psychologicznej zapewnianej przez placówki edukacyjne, a także wpłynęła na zmianę paradygmatu komunikacyjnego między dziećmi a telefonem zaufania.

EN

The article analyses statistical data gathered by 116 111 Helpline for Children and Youth (116111) by Empowering Children Foundation in 2020. Analyzed data indicate that state of psychiatric health amongst children and youth has deteriorated, which can be attributed to COVID-19 pandemics, as well as restrictions imposed by government to combat its spread. The pandemics has increased states of fear, anxiety, tension, stress and loneliness that translated to higher percent of suicidal thoughts and attempts, which in result increased the number of interventions carried out by employees of Empowering Children Foundation. Isolation and lockdown have limited access to basic psychological healthcare provided by schools. Those factors also changed the paradigm of communication between kids and Helpline.

6

First Impressions—Lasting Memories: “As I Remember”

44%

Brown C.

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nr 2

59-76

EN

This essay is divided into two parts. The first part is an account of my own very personal impressions and memories of my encounter with Janusz Kuczynski’s vision of a “new form of universalism.” I focus on Kuczynski’s attempt to interpret “the meaning of recent history” in his day and times. This account does not aim at a definitive account of Kuczynski’s thinking but rather at my interpretation of what I consider to be the most promising and defensible version of his ideas. This is an account of my impressions as I remember them filtered through personal experiences over the past three decades. Other interpretations are possible and perhaps even necessary for a more complete account. The second part attempts to articulate what I consider to be the lasting relevance of those ideas. I attempt to say something about the meaning of “this moment in history,” unfolding in my place and in my times. I hope to point toward the lasting relevance of Kuczynski’s thinking by relying on those ideas to say something insightful about the ecological, social, and political events occurring as I write this essay, events that are shaped by a historical pandemic as my country erupts into massive political demonstrations seeking social and racial justice in my country.