Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Near-Earth Objects (NEO) and other current space threats

100%

Bielawski R.

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nr 1

1-18

EN

The subject of the study are space threats – Near-Earth Objects (NEO) and Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHA). The research methods employed in this article included the classic theoretical methods used in security sciences and a practical method – a quantitative study of social media. At present, space threat studies aim to resolve the terminological confusion related to NEOs, determine currently and potentially hazardous space objects and estimate the potential threats they could cause. Another expected result of the research is to present two literature methods for estimating NEO threats, the Palermo and Torino scales. The practical result is to evaluate public mood regarding NEO threats. Studies have shown that certain active space objects are capable of reaching the Earth's surface or impacting human-made in-space objects and devices, such as communication satellites. Should it happen, it could cause substantial social damage and destabilise state security, particularly if elements of critical infrastructure of the state were to be affected. Continuous monitoring of NEOs may play a central role in the provision of security. Furthermore, the public should be kept abreast of the threats.

2

“The Universe is a labyrinth made of labyrinths” Observations Made when Reading Radosław Bielawski’s Book “Potęgometryczny wymiar militaryzacji przestrzeni kosmicznej”

100%

Smuniewski C.

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tom 9

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nr 2

65-75

EN

Militarisation of outer space is a rapidly developing area of research that is one of the most urgent challenges faced nowadays by the security scholars. The article concerns scientific research made by Radosław Bielawski and presented in his book “Potęgometryczny wymiar militaryzacji przestrzeni kosmicznej” [Powermetric Dimension of Outer Space Militarisation]. The text presents the layout of the monograph and a detailed description of the research process. It also contains conclusions and prospects for future research. There are also references to the texts authored by Stanisław Lem. The paper fits into the area of research on security studies.

3

Gdzie zaczyna się kosmos?

75%

Krzeszowski W.

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tom nr 1(54)

209-223

EN

This apparently abstract question has an essential practical dimension. The more and more intensive space exploration (as for instance International Space Station Alpha, China’s space programme, or recently declared acceleration of the USA developments in this area) causes increasing aspirations to enforce clear legal regulations in this field. Space law, however, in spite of over fifty years of legislation works, still shows numerous lacks and deficiencies. Even basic definitions concerning for instance a space object or space have not been defined. Therefore the problem of space clear definition becomes fundamental, first of all because of a lower frontier of space, i.e. the border between air and space. The attempts to draw legal international distinction between these two zones have been effortlessly undertaken by scientists since the end of the 50s in the 2Cfh century. Since the 60s intensive, also not very effective works have been carried out to delimit space within the United Nations. The article also outlines developments in space delimitation and its current research and perspectives.

4

NASA Space Laser Communications System: Towards Safety of Aerospace Operations

63%

Bielawski R. , Radomska A.

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tom 2

51-62

EN

Bidirectional space communication is a fundamental prerequisite for maintaining contact with objects performing missions in space, whether manned and unmanned. Until recently, it relied solely on the propagation of electromagnetic waves (the radio) using frequency bands dedicated for objects outside the Earth's atmosphere. However, modern space technologies are subject to ongoing development as they are being fitted with advanced communication systems. Given the constant enhancement of our technological capabilities, the traditional radio-based communication shows a glaring inadequacy and contributes to the widening of a gap between this and the high technology of on-board devices installed on modern space crafts. The technology that complies with the up-to-date requirements of space communication is optical space communication. It is expected to provide for high-speed data transfer and increase the band-width several times, while ensuring immunity to common cyber threats, including jamming, spoofing and meaconing. The deployment of laser - based optical communication will not only contribute to increasing the air and space operation safety levels, but also enable deep space exploration. To this end, NASA’s Laser Communications Relay Demonstration Project (LCRD) is currently undergoing development and testing. This chapter undertakes to characterize the emerging technology with respect to its operating principles, the future scope of applications and involvement in currently conducted experiments. The results from the analysis are presented in the form of scenarios outlining possible applications of laser communication.

5

Militarne wykorzystanie przestrzeni kosmicznej

63%

Bielawski R. , Zajkowski R.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2015

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tom nr 2(99)

61-77

PL

Artykuł przedstawia próbę zidentyfikowania i zaprezentowania wybranych problemów wykorzystania przestrzeni kosmicznej. W publikacji dokonano analizy aktów prawnych począwszy od 1957 roku - daty rozpoczęcia się ery eksploracji kosmosu. Przedstawiono koncepcje określenia granicy między przestrzenią powietrzną a przestrzenią kosmiczną. Przedstawione zostały etapy tworzenia międzynarodowego prawa kosmicznego oraz nakreślono znaczące akty prawne mające wpływ na dalsze jego doskonalenie. Na podstawie projektu założeń do projektu ustawy - Prawo kosmiczne opisano genezę, zakres i zasady, w myśl których ustawa powstaje. W dalszej części omówione zostały militarne aspekty i zagrożenia wykorzystania przestrzeni kosmicznej w obliczu tworzonego prawa. Dokonano przedstawienia wybranych problemów i możliwych konsekwencji polityczno-militarnych, wynikających z użytkowania przestrzeni kosmicznej. Opisano i zanalizowano zagrożenia, które poparte odpowiednimi przykładami, zostały opisane w tej publikacji.

EN

The article makes an attempt to identify and discuss selected problems related to the use of outer space, as the consequences resulting from the structure of the draft law - the law of space. In an analysis of legal acts ranging from 1957, when the era of space exploration began, concepts for defining the boundary between airspace and outer space are described. A major research problem was the attempt to answer the question: what meaning does space have for the State in the political and military context? The research and the search for answers to the main problem were inspired by the hypothesis of the authors who believed that: from the politico-military point of view, space is just as importantfor the preservation of State sovereignty as the airspace. It has been proven that, from the politico-military point of view, it is important for the preservation of State sovereignty, as the owner of these two spaces. Stages for the creation of international space law are presented and significant legislation affecting the further development of international law ofspace is outlined. On the basis of the draft guidelines to the Space law Bill, the origins, scope and principles under which the act arises are described. After this, the aspects and threats of using space in the face of that law is discussed. Moreover, selected problems and possible politico-military consequences resulting from the use of outer space are put forward and threats are described based on examples.

6

The Outer Space and the Sea. Law Beyond the Territorial Jurisdiction

63%

Brodecki Z.

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nr XXXIV

7

Cyberbezpieczeństwo a rewolucja cyfrowa (na przykładzie domeny cywilnej i wojskowej)

63%

Majewski L.

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tom R. 78, nr 5

10--14

PL

Pojawienie się nowych technologii cyfrowych stwarza nowe możliwości rozwoju i budowania zdolności materialnych, ale i duże zmiany w życiu społecznym, w wymiarze prawnym, czy w zakresie etyki. Śmiało można stwierdzić, że ten kto szybciej i lepiej wykorzysta możliwości, jakie daje sztuczna inteligencja, kosmos i cyberprzestrzeń - będzie kształtował przyszłość świata, tworzył nową cywilizację, zmieniał podstawy jej funkcjonowania. Ten proces już się rozpoczął. Największe potęgi militarne na świecie na pierwszym miejscu stawiają cyfrowe technologie, systemy autonomiczne i bezzałogowe – ich współpracę z pilotowanymi samolotami lub załogowymi okrętami, sztuczną inteligencją oraz wykorzystaniu przestrzeni kosmicznej i cyberprzestrzeni. Należy tu podkreślić, ze podjęte działania pozwalają prowadzić działania bojowe w czasie rzeczywistym. Powstaje świat zdeformowany poznawczo w którym trudno jest ocenić obiektywnie zaistniałe sytuacje. Bowiem inaczej oceniają sytuację Stany Zjednoczone, a inaczej Europa, inaczej Chiny i Rosja. System polityczny Chin pozwala łatwiej i szybciej opanowywać domenę cyber. Chiny sukcesywnie uzyskują przewagę technologiczną, opanowują nowe technologie, nie mają przy tym cywilizacyjno-kulturowych obiekcji.

EN

The emergence of new digital technologies creates new opportunities for development and building material capabilities, but also major changes in social life, in the legal dimension, or in the field of ethics. It can be safely said that the one who makes better and faster use of the opportunities offered by artificial intelligence, space and cyberspace will shape the future of the world, create a new civilization, change the basis of its functioning. This process has already started. The largest military powers in the world put digital technologies, autonomous and unmanned systems in the first place - their cooperation with piloted aircraft or manned ships, artificial intelligence and the use of space and cyberspace. It should be emphasized here that the actions taken allow to carry out combat operations in real time. A cognitively deformed world is created in which it is difficult to objectively assess the existing situations. Because the United States assesses the situation differently than Europe, China and Russia. China's political system makes it easier and faster to control the cyber domain. China successively gains a technological advantage, masters new technologies, and does not have any civilizational and cultural objections.

8

Problem zakazu wykorzystywania przestrzeni kosmicznej w celach wojskowych

38%

Kamiński S.

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tom nr 1

58—62