Pharmaceutical wastewater is one of the major complex and toxic industrial effluents containing little or no biodegradable organic matters. In this study, H2O2/UV based advanced oxidation process (AOP) was used to remove organic materials from pharmaceutical industry effluent. For the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal radiation of medium pressure mercury vapor UV lamp was used in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2/UV). Results indicated that the efficiency of COD removal depends on the initial concentration H2O2, oxidation time and pH. The efficiency of COD removal at low H2O2con-centration was very low even coupled with UV light, which can be attributed to the low generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH). At high concentration of H2O2 (500 mg/dm3) and optimum pH (pH = 4), 87.6% removal efficiency could be achieved during 70 min oxidation. For high concentration of H2O2 (500 mg/dm3) at pH 3 and 7, the maximum COD removal efficiency was 28.5% and 15.2% respectively, indicating significant roles of pH and H2O2concentration in the process of COD removal.
Aromaty cytrusowe sporządzane na bazie olejków cytrusowych są podatne na procesy utleniania, w wyniku czego ich charakterystyczny przyjemny zapach przechodzi w niemiłą woń o nucie terpentynowo-roz- puszczalnikowej. Proces ten jest przyczyną psucia wielu produktów żywnościowych, w których te aromaty są stosowane, jak na przykład napoje gazowane i suche koncentraty napojów granulowanych. Artykuł omawia metody pozyskiwania olejków cytrusowych oraz sposoby ich ochrony przed procesami oksydacyjnymi.
EN
Citrus aromas, being produced from citrus essential oils are susceptible to oxidation processes. In consequence, their specific flavour is changed into turpentine and solvent-like odour. The above mentioned process is a reason for spoilage of many food products where the discussed aromas are applied, e.g. in soft drinks and dry concentrates of granulated drinks. The aim of the present paper is to present the methods for isolation of citrus oils and the ways of their protection from oxidation processes.
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