Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Ochrona dóbr kultury współczesnej w planowaniu przestrzennym

100%

Fogel A.

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tom nr 8

56--57

PL

W polskiej przestrzeni urbanistycznej coraz częściej zwraca się uwagę na konieczność ochrony dziedzictwa urbanistycznego ostatnich dziesięcioleci. Warto zatem przypomnieć, że prawo polskie przewiduje również możliwość ochrony dóbr kultury współczesnej, choć te regulacje prawne dalekie są od wystarczających.

2

Zastosowanie technik nuklearnych w identyfikacji i konserwacji dzieł sztuki

100%

Głuszewski W.

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tom z. 1

12-14

3

Zakaz wywozu dóbr kultury i jego praktyczne konsekwencje

75%

Zeidler K.

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nr 3-4

410-412

EN

Among assorted legal institutions foreseen in the statute of 15 February 1962 on the protection of cultural property an extremely prominent role is played by a prohibition relating to the export of cultural goods. This is by no means a new regulation, since it had been enforced already upon the basis of a decree from 1946 on the registration and prohibition of the export of works of art and objects of artistic, historical or cultural value. The protected cultural property encompasses portable or stationary objects, old or contemporary, and of significance for cultural heritage and development owing to their historical, scientific or artistic value. The prohibition was established by the legislator primarily owing to the immense devastation of Polish cultural legacy during the second world war. Doubts concerning the retention of the prohibition in its present-day form are voiced mainly in view of the regulation of this problem by the law of the European Communities. On the other hand, it remains indubitable that owing to obligatory international agreements prohibition of this sort must pertain to cultural goods obtained by means of crime (theft, fencing). This issue is regulated by two international conventions: the convention signed on in Paris on 17 November 1970, and dealing with measures intent on banning and preventing the illegal export, import and transference of the ownership of cultural goods, and the convention on co-operation and mutual assistance in intercepting and returning cultural property illegally transported across state frontiers, signed in Plovdiv on 22 April 1986. The legal situation of the import of cultural property is different, since such transportation is supported by the legislator. At present, the Parliament of the Republic of Poland is examining two competing projects of statutes (on the protection of national legacy and on the protection of historical monuments), both regulating the titular subject.

4

Czy ustawa o ochronie dóbr kultury i o muzeach dojrzała do nowelizacji : artykuł dyskusyjny

75%

Sieroszewski W.

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nr 3

163-172

EN

Analysing the Act of February 15, 1962 covering the problems of cultural property protection and museums in view of experiences gathered during nine years elapsed from the date of its coming into force the author expresses an opinion that, considering the problem from a general viewpoint, though it has satisfactorily wiithstood the test of practical application and considerably contributed to stabilization and to making the protection of cultural property in this country more efficient some of its detailed provisions, no doubt, require corrections and amendments. Remarks made by the author to particular articles of the Act in question are listed below. Above all the article 4 seems to him to be inconsistent and even conflicting with some others elsewhere in the text (e.g. articles 18 and 4*1). He also advances c ritical opinions as to the definition of „an evident historical monument” considering it as being not precise enough and thus causing misunderstandings and controversial interpretations. Furthermore, commenting the article 6 concerning the „monuments of history”, the author suggests the abolition of their compulsory inscription in the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Care in accordance with provisions of the Hague Convention of 1954 since the stipulations accompanying this particular provision practically make it impossible ,at all to declare a monument as „a monument of history”. The author also suggests the need to define more precisely in the Act itself or in regulations issued on its basis by the Minister of Culture and Art the responsibilities of historical monument conservators at the district and town levels (article 8) and, in addition, to include to th e Act provisions with respect to voivodship offices of historical monument documentation which, although already put into being, have not up to now been provided with ,an unquestionably legal basis for the ir activities (proposed article 8 a). It also seems to the author to be necessary to call a new advisory body assisting the Minister of Culture and Art able to replace the freshly abolished Council of Culture and Art (article 10). To protect the sites of archaeological interest the author proposes to include them provisionally to the Register of Historical Monuments. On completion of excavations and examination of cultural s tra ta and with the relics found transferred to a respective museum such a reg istration should automatically be cancelled (article 1/6). Other proposals regard the augmenting the au th o rities of conservators to enable them to make examinations of alleged cultural property at any place it can be found which th e procedure has been made difficult according to existing provisions requiring from conservator to agree previously this examination with the owner of cu ltu ral property (article 18). At the isame time, however, th e author declares himself for confining the number of cases and reducing the time of temporary requisition of cultural property endangered by destruction, damage or illicit exportation. This temporary requisition could, for instance, last three years and a fte r th a t period the cultural property should be alienated or returned to its owner or user (article 37). With regard to collections (article 55 and the next ones) the author proposes to reserve to the Minister of Culture and Art the right tp define precisely what requirements should be fulfilled by a collection th a t it could be considered as one in accordance with provisions of the Act, and also how it can be augmented and managed by the owner. In addition to 'the above, the author puts forward a number of proposals aimed a t harmonizing the Act’s provisions with Other acts published a fte r its coming into force and particularly with an uniform te x t of th e Building Repair and Reconstruction Act in its version from il968 (article 32), the Code of Civil Laws from 1964: (article 24) and the Code of Criminal Laws from 1969 (articles 73—> 79) and also at enabling to adapt to provisions of the Convention of 1969 referring to measures that should be undertaken to prevent the illicite imports, exports and tran sfe rs of cultural property (new articles 76 a, b, and c).

5

Rzeźba i architektura parkowa amerykańskich pól bitewnych : historia, stan obecny i problemy konserwacji

75%

Zwiech T.

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nr 2

197-201

EN

The preservation history of American Civil War battlefields (1861-1865) is, in the sense of preservation philosophy, a phenomenon without precedent. It would be hard to find preservation examples of cultural or natural properties, which have had an equally complicated origin, motivation, history and elevated level of social involvement. The process started very early, sometimes right after the battle was finished. Preservation of the battlefields usually found its beginning in the need to bury dead soldiers and in the case of many battlefields the nucleus of their preservation was a cemetery (Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Manassas, Stones River). Following the burial of soldiers, examples of organized tourism occurred such as a refreshment stand set up by a Virginia veteran beside Fort Stedman in Petersburg in 1865, or a battlefield guidebook outlining a 20-mile horseback tour published in 1866, also in Petersburg. The next stage was usually the creation of numerous associations comprised of Civil War veterans and members of local communities in order to commemorate particular battles. These commemorations typically occurred in the form of marking places of more important events on previously purchased land. The associations were often formed during war reunions, as was the case in Pea Ridge and Chickamauga & Chattanooga. The appearance of the battlefields at that time, which were very well preserved in most cases, is astonishingly similar to the arrangements used in English landscape gardens of the early part of the 18th century. In both cases there are extensive open areas, inward and outward views focused on sculptures and structures of antique character, carefully laid out and screened with naturalistic groves and woods. Large ponds and rivers, very frequent in English landscape gardens but rather uncommon on battlefields, make the most important difference. However, true analogies between those two kinds of spatial arrangement lies much deeper than in a level of park layout. First of all, there are the same Anglo-Saxon cultural roots of both societies. Esthetic rules of park design established on the British Isles at the turn of 17th and 18th century arrived in America with the colonials long before the Declaration of Independence, not to mention the Civil War. Favourable natural conditions helped implement these esthetic rules and eventually have them recognized as a firm element of American tradition. In August 1933, the Government Reorganization Act was implemented and most historic parks and monuments administred by various federal agencies were turned over to the National Park Service. With the new administration there were new preservation methods, among them the reconstruction of the battlefields’ historic image. Although post-war, the monuments, statues and markers went through that historic landscape restoration unscathed, probably thanks to the famous American pragmatism which once again managed to fight absurdity of purism. By saving monuments, statues and markers a respect was shown to their builders whose feelings were imprinted on their works. That respect could be called a preservation of the social and ideological aspects of the battlefield landscape. The example of American battlefields preservation deserves some attention by Polish landscape architects and historic preservationists at least for two reasons. First, there is the need to work out a program of preservation for Polish cultural landscapes in relation to the ammendment to the law on historic preservation issued in July 1990. A document: „Rules of the Preservation of Cultural Landscapes”, being currently produced in the Center for the Preservation of Historic Landscapes, could serve such purposes. The other reason are increased interests in the preservation of historic battlefields, still growing in the world and in Poland.

6

Ochrona światowego dziedzictwa kulturalnego i jej znaczenie podczas konfliktów zbrojnych

63%

Polkowska M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia

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2023

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tom 78

155-170

EN

The article is part of the topic related to the protection of the world’s cultural and natural heritage. This protection became the subject of a nationwide scientific conference organized in Poznań on June 20, 2022, titled: “The role of international organizations in the protection of the world’s cultural and natural heritage. Reflections on the 50th anniversary of adopting the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage”. The author deals with the issues of civil and military protection of cultural property in the event of an armed conflict. Hence, the article refers to the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the Protocol amending it. This subject is also relevant today in the context of the ongoing war in Ukraine. The article also deals with the subject of diplomacy as a tool for creating regulations securing cultural property against destruction and describes the role of international organizations taking up this challenge. Finally, it presents the role of Poland and other countries involved in the process of saving cultural goods in the fighting Ukraine.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł wpisuje się w tematykę dotyczącą ochrony światowego dziedzictwa kulturalnego i naturalnego. Ochrona ta stała się przedmiotem ogólnopolskiej konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej w Poznaniu 20 czerwca 2022 roku pt. „Rola organizacji międzynarodowych w ochronie światowego dziedzictwa kulturalnego i naturalnego. Refleksje na tle jubileuszu 50-lecia przyjęcia Konwencji UNESCO o ochronie światowego dziedzictwa kulturalnego i naturalnego”. Autorka porusza zagadnienia cywilno-wojskowej ochrony dóbr kultury w razie konfliktu zbrojnego. Stąd w artykule odniesiono się do Konwencji haskiej z 1954 roku na temat ochrony dóbr kulturalnych w razie konfliktu zbrojnego i Protokołu ją zmieniającego. Tematyka ta zyskuje na aktualności również dzisiaj w kontekście trwającej wojny w Ukrainie. Ponadto podjęta została tematyka dyplomacji jako narzędzia służącego do tworzenia regulacji zabezpieczających dobra kultury przed zniszczeniem oraz opisano rolę organizacji międzynarodowych podejmujących to wyzwanie. Wreszcie przedstawiono rolę Polski i innych państw zaangażowanych w proces ratowania dóbr kultury w walczącej Ukrainie.

7

OCHRONA DÓBR KULTURY W SYSTEMIE NORM PRAWA ADMINISTRACYJNEGO

63%

Izdebski J.

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tom 55

224-230

EN

The administrative law system covers a vast and complex set of legal standards oriented to archieve the common good, i.e. values specified by law, protected with legal and administrative regulations. Among such values, the protection of cultural objects plays a significant role as a responsibility of the public administration and as the subject of intervention by the public administration, carried out through the application of the administrative law standards. Due to the area and complexity of regulations, the administrative law standards are grouped in specific parts: general, institutional, material and procedural. Issues involving the protection of cultural objects on the ground of administrative law should be placed as one of the comprehensive divisions of the material administrative law; they also include institutional and procedural regulations important for the application of law. Institutions of the administrative law regarding protection of cultural objects should be shaped in such a way so as to guarantee the proper execution of assignments in this field. In particular, this refers to regulations concerning a legal status of museums, which should ensure a possibility for the pursuit of museums’ mission in different social and economic conditions. As part of the development of the study of the administrative law, the matter of the cultural objects’ protection, including issues concerning the legal status of museums, has been perceived and commented upon; nonetheless, further research in this area is called for.

PL

System prawa administracyjnego obejmuje szeroki i złożony zespół norm prawnych ukierunkowanych na realizację dobra wspólnego – określonych przez prawo wartości chronionych regulacją prawno-administracyjną. Wśród tych wartości istotne znaczenie ma ochrona dóbr kultury, jako zadanie administracji publicznej i przedmiot ingerencji administracji publicznej realizowany za pomocą stosowania norm prawa administracyjnego. Ze względu na obszar i komplikację regulacji normy prawa administracyjnego są porządkowane w ramach poszczególnych części: części ogólnej, ustrojowej, materialnej i procesowej. Zagadnienia ochrony dóbr kultury na gruncie prawa administracyjnego należy umiejscowić, jako jeden z kompleksowych działów materialnego prawa administracyjnego, obejmują one również ważne dla stosowania prawa regulacje ustrojowe i procesowe. Instytucje prawa administracyjnego w sferze ochrony dóbr kultury powinny być tak ukształtowane, aby mogły być gwarancją prawidłowej realizacji zadań w tym zakresie. Dotyczy to w szczególności regulacji statusu prawnego muzeów, która powinna zapewniać możliwość realizacji misji muzeów w zamieniających się warunkach społecznych i ekonomicznych. W ramach rozwoju nauki prawa administracyjnegoproblematyka ochrony dóbr kultury, w tym zagadnień statusu prawnego muzeów była dostrzegana i komentowana, jednak istnieje konieczność dalszych badań w tym zakresie.

8

Katalog zbrodni w świetle statutu stałego międzynarodowego trybunału karnego

51%

Niewiada O.

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2015

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nr 1(1)

101-112

PL

W ciągu ostatnich 50 lat na świecie wybuchło ponad 250 konfliktów i zginęło ponad 86 milionów osób cywilnych, głównie kobiet i dzieci. Ponad 170 milionów ludzi pozbawionych zostało godności, praw i dobytku. O większości ofiar zapomniano, a tylko w minimalnym stopniu zbrodniarze wojenni zostali osądzeni. Istnienie w prawie międzynarodowym wielu postanowień zakazujących zbrodni wojennych, ludobójstwa, zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości, ochrony dóbr kultury, a ostatnio agresji nie stanowi skutecznego środka do respektowania prawa. Do dziś brakuje sprawnego systemu egzekwowania tych praw oraz pociągania do odpowiedzialności karnej indywidualnych sprawców.

EN

In the last 50 years more than 250 conflicts broke worldwide out and killed more than 86 million civilians, mostly women and children. Over 170 million people have been deprived of their dignity, rights and possessions. The majority of the victims were forgotten, and only a few war criminals were tried. The regulations existing in international law, which are prohibiting war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, protection of cultural heritage and, most recently aggression are not effective and not respected. To this day an effective system of enforcing those rights and bringing the individuals responsible for it to justice does not exist.