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Konkurencyjność eksportu - nowe czynniki

100%

Szymanik E.

2017

nr 2(363)

189-204

The article shows new factors which can have an impact on the competitiveness of export, especially in the Polish–EU trade, such as: worldwide terrorism, migration problems, Brexit, changing oil prices and non-tariff barriers. These factors are characterized by diverse features and are not easily measurable as their inherent discrepancies make it difficult to verify their impact on competitiveness. Some of them, like terrorism and immigration, have gained in significance, the importance of another one (non-tariff barriers) has also increased, whereas others (e.g. prices of oil) undergo rapid changes. However, it is necessary to take them into consideration on account of their importance to competitiveness of export.

Transatlantycka liberalizacja handlu i przepływu kapitału

84%

Żukrowska K.

2014

nr 2

35-57

The concept of liberalization of economic relations between the EU and US is not new. Never before 2013 negotiations of such an agreement were performed. Until May 2014 five negotiation rounds were conducted. The leading negotiators state that the date of bringing the negotiations to the closing stage, which is the end of current year, can be kept. The TTIP Agreement is supposed to regulate trade liberalization and capital flows between the two markets of the EU and US. The agreement is more focused on elimination of nontariff barriers than custom barriers, which are relatively low already. According to the WTO the customs barriers between the EU and US measured by weighted tariffs are below 3% in their average level. Relatively higher restrictiveness in accessing the market is observed in case of the American market than in the EU one, protection of NTB is estimated at 36–38% respectively. Elimination of barriers in mutual relations will be conducive in increasing competitiveness of produced goods and services manufactured on both markets, it will strengthen technical potentials, improve climate for innovations of both partners. Moreover, TTIP is considered as a solution which will have positive impact on rates of economic growth, GDP, trade and capital transfers. TTIP Agreement is considered as a solution which will be conducive for S&M companies to join the main stream of business on a bigger scale in comparison with the current conditions. Those companies dominate in creation of the GDP as well as employment on both sides of the Pacific. The role of the TTIP is not limited to stimulation of growth or employment on the two markets. As it is also considered that TTIP as an open solution to Access of third states, will have strong impact on Word economy, with special impulses created for those markets which are linked by preferential agreements of access with the EU and US. It is assumed that conclusion of the TTIP agreement will mobilize to return to negotiation table at the suspended Doha Round of the WTO. In sum there believes that the TTIP will have impact on the dynamics of the world economy which slowed down after the crisis of 2008+.

Szanse i zagrożenia dla rolnictwa i konsumentów żywności w krajach Unii Europejskiej wynikające z ewentualnego porozumienia TTIP

67%

Krzyżanowski J.

2016

nr 3(348)

3-23

Artykuł porusza problematykę szans i zagrożeń wynikających z ewentualnego zawarcia Umowy o Transatlantyckim Partnerstwie Handlowym i Inwestycyjnym pomiędzy Unią Europejską a USA. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawia się możliwe korzyści dla unijnych eksporterów produktów mleczarskich, produktów mięsnych, wina, cukru i oliwek. Korzyści te wydają się być iluzoryczne nawet przy ograniczeniu tzw. barier pozataryfowych. Z drugiej strony, wiele rynków w Unii Europejskiej odczuwałoby istotne zakłócenie równowagi na skutek eksportu amerykańskiego. Dotyczyłoby to przede wszystkim rynków wołowiny, zbóż, drobiu, izoglukozy i biopaliw. Autor zwraca też uwagę na różnice standardów bezpieczeństwa żywności oraz poziomów wsparcia, co rzutuje na ochronę konsumentów europejskich i konkurencyjność producentów w krajach UE, gdyby porozumienie TTIP miało być realizowane.

The paper tackles the problem of prospects versus threats resulting from the potential TTIP agreement between European Union and the U.S.A. In the first part of the article the possible benefits for the EU exporters of diary, meat products, wine, sugar and olives are presented. Those benefits seem to be rather illusory, even when the non-tariff barriers are limited. On the other hand many EU markets would suffer from serious market disruption because of American exports. This would affect beef, cereals, poultry, isoglucose and biofuels. The author also points out the differences in food safety standards, levels of support, which underpins the protection of the EU consumers and competitiveness of producers, should the TTIP agreement be implemented.