Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Die Schulen der Brüderunität in Böhmen und Mähren als Objekt adliger Studieninteressen in der Zeit vor der Schlacht am Weißen Berg

100%

Holý M.

Acta Comeniana (International review of Comenius studies and early modern intellectual history)

|

2010

|

tom 24

43-71

EN

This paper is an attempt, on the basis of an analysis of different kinds of sources (diplomatic, personal, literary and so on), to comprehend the role of the Bohemian Brethren schools in the upbringing and education of the upper classes of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the Margravate of Moravia and, to a lesser extent, of the foreign nobility. After a general introduction, in which the author establishes the growing interest of domestic aristocracy about this denominationally specific type of school in Bohemia and Moravia in the context of the inner development of the Brethren schools, he tracks specific educational institutes of the Unitas Fratrum for which there are records of students from the aristocracy during the sixteenth and first decade of the seventeenth century. Other issues are also dealt with: the content of the study in the schools, the reasons for the choice of a specific school, the composition in terms of the nationality, language, society and confession of the noble pupils, and so on. Last but not least, the study aims to answer the question of how the education of the domestic nobility in the schools of the Unitas Fratrum contributed towards their denominational orientation. In the conclusion of the contribution the author points out some possibilities for further research into this issue.

2

Wokół losów szlachty lęborsko-bytowskiej w XVI–XX wieku

88%

Szultka Z.

Zapiski Historyczne

|

2011

|

tom 76

|

nr 4

137-165

EN

The article argues with the main theses in the book "Aktywność społeczno-polityczna szlachty pogranicza lęborskiego" [Social-political activity of the gentry in the Lebork (Lauenburg) borderland] (Gdańsk 2009). The politically comprehensive introduction has little to do with the content of the book. The territorial range of the work raises doubts (the gentry from Bytow (Bütow) has not been discussed although the Lebork-Bytow land constituted one administrative unit). The source base and the use of the available research (particularly in reference to the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries) is insufficient. The Author failed to include legal restrictions (in force in the 17th-18th centuries) concerning purchasing land in the area by gentry arriving from the outside. However, M. Dzięcielski managed to show the problem of religious changes and the positive influence of the Reformation on the preservation of the Kashubian language until the end of the 19th century. On the other hand, the issue of de/ ning the negative policy of the Brandenburghian authorities towards Catholicism was not discussed properly. Chapter III concerning the political culture of the Lebork gentry must also be criticized as it is not sufficiently developed in reference to the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Nevertheless, one may agree with some statements concerning earlier periods. The book fails to include clear chronological, subject and territorial criteria. It abounds in mistakes which are rectified in this article, and which result from the incomplete use of sources. It is not easy to evaluate the work. It may seem that answering 10 research questions formed by M. Dzięcielski in the introduction will facilitate it. However, the questions are not clear chronologically, substantially and territorially. “1. What was the role of the Lebork gentry in shaping the social-ownership, ethnic and language identities?” As far as changes in the structure of the land property are concerned, the incomplete use of the sources resulted in the vague presentation of the scope of changes in the period of the direct Polish rule over starostwos (districts), and after 1657/1658 it does not correspond with its dynamics. The changes in the 19th century were only mentioned and not discussed. The ethnic-linguistic changes until the first partition of Poland were quite well presented. Later periods were treated superficially and failed to appreciate the role of education. The Author abandoned the subject from the mid-19th century. “2. What was the role of Prussian agricultural reforms in the process of the deprivation of the gentry of their land property, Germanization of the Kashubian-Polish gentry and the consolidation of Prussian land owners?” The major stage of the deprivation of the Kashubian gentry of its land property took place at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the Prussian agricultural reforms were originated in 1807 and continued until the mid-19th century, which is why they could only accelerate the process of land deprivation. This, however, wan not shown. “3. What was the role of spiritual culture, including studying abroad, and religious movements in the process of shaping ethnic and national identity of the Lebork gentry?” The processes were presented accurately in reference to the period until the end of the 18th century, but the Author did not discuss the national identity of the Lebork gentry in the 19th century. “4. What was the signi/ cance of the Polish political culture in the creation of sociopolitical phenomena and processes taking into account the competition between the Polish gentry democracy and the Brandenburghian-Prussian absolutism?” Incomplete use of the acts of the Lebork-Bytow assembly, examining the struggle of the Lebork-Bytow gentry traditionally through the perspective of the Polish law (mainly the gentry jurisdiction), and underestimating economic and political factors (including the absolutism of the House of Hohenzollern) hindered the correct answer to the question. “5. What was the role of military careers in the process of shaping the feeling of loyalty, national and state identity of the gentry?” The question is connected with the process of the compulsory incorporation of the Lebork-Bytow gentry to the Prussian officers’ corps. The Author presented the Lebork gentry inaccurately, attributing it the qualities actually manifested by the gentry from Eastern Pomerania. “6. Which elements of the political reality strengthened the local culture, and which contributed to disintegration, Prussification and Germanization?” If one assumes that the question refers only to the Lebork gentry, and Prussification is understood as shaping the Prussian national identity mainly through militarization whereas Germanization as a conscious, planned state activity with the aim of instilling the German language and culture in society, the answers provided by the Author are incomplete, static, dispersed in a few chapters and cannot be regarded as in-depth. “7. What were the reactions, aspirations and resistance of the gentry in the period of the Prussian agricultural reforms, industrialization and wakening of liberty movements?” Since the agricultural reforms of the gentry’s land were not discussed appropriately, eo ipso the description of their effects cannot be correct. “8. What was the role of the gentry at the end of the Hohenzollern monarchy and what was its attitude towards parliamentary democracy and the first German republic?” “9. What was the attitude of the gentry when the national-socialist movement and the Third Reich were created?” “10. What were the consequences of the political choices made by the Prussian gentry for the history of the state and the gentry itself in the period of the first German republic and the Third Reich?” Insufficient empirical research on the Lebork gentry in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century resulted in the necessity to reconsider the gentry’s attitude and behaviour in the face of the processes and events included in questions 8–10, which may be facilitated by a relatively well preserved source base. It does not concern the history of the Lebork gentry during and ft er World War II, although in respect to this period there also appear some controversies.

3

„Anžto vy znáte můj pokleslý vkus…“. Josef Adam ze Schwarzenbergu a jeho zámecké divadlo v Českém Krumlově v letech 1766–1768: nové poznatky a souvislosti

88%

Kazárová H.

Hudební věda (Musicology)

|

2013

|

tom 50

|

nr 1-2

23-46

EN

This study deals with the relationship of Prince Joseph Adam von Schwarzenberg to music and theatre and with the way in which his theatrical preferences revealed themselves in the repertoire of his private castle theatre in Český Krumlov from 1766 until 1768. Through a careful study of the extant sources (correspondence, libretti, scores and parts, accounting books etc.), the author has managed to specify the reasons for the precipitous renovation of the castle theatre in late 1765 and early ’66 and to determine what specific dramatic works were performed there. Among other things, she has succeeded in compiling the entire list of performances planned for the fourteen-day wedding celebration in the summer of 1768. The author furthermore focuses on information about the musicians who were then in the prince’s services and also about commissioned musical instruments and musical scores and parts.

4

Únorová revoluce v Petrohradě v deníku hraběte Alexeje Bobrinského

88%

Vydra Z.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

|

2015

|

tom 101

|

nr 2

387-414

EN

This article combines an edition of a primary archival source, part of Count’s Alexei Alexandrovich Bobrinsky’s (1852–1927) diary, with an introductory study. Count Bobrinsky was among the richest Russian noblemen, and he held important positions in the aristocratic local government and the state administration (Minister of Agriculture in 1916). He was also a deputy of the State Duma (1907–1912) and a member of the State Council (1912–1917). Bobrinsky kept a diary from an early age and continued writing it for much of his life (he began in 1863 and the latest entries are from 1917). The complete diaries are preserved in the Bobrinsky family archive in the Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Drevnikh Aktov (RGADA) in Moscow. This edited and translated diary is of interest to scholars for its depiction of the events of the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. The section on the February Revolution was recorded in a special book, and thus constitutes a discrete unit. This diary offers a micro-historical view of daily events in the capital, with Bobrinsky’s comments on the political situation. It is a useful source for study of the family networks and social ties among the Russian aristocracy.

5

Przyczynek do obrazu szlachty Inflant Polskich w łotewskich źródłach i opracowaniach historycznych początku XX w.

88%

Biesiadowska-Magdziarz B.

|

tom 38

89-97

EN

Polish literature devoted to the role of the Poles in shaping Latvian culture presents unanimity as far as the positive role and results of this influence are concerned. However diametrically opposite Latvian perspective particularly clear in the first years of the existence of independent Latvia needs to be highlighted here. Contacts between the Latvians and Poles and their cultures differed in different parts of Latvia since the beginning of the Polish presence in this country. The period called ‘the Polish times in Latvia’ in Latvian historical sources lasted the longest in Latgale (1561-1772), i.e. in the so called Polish Livonia. The Polish influence on Latvian folk culture was the strongest there. This period, especially the scale of the influence of Polish culture on Latvian native culture as well as general development of this region, was strongly criticized by numerous Latvian historians. The interest of the Polish noblemen in developing Latgale was subjected to criticism, too. Considering these lands as their own the Poles were not interested in propagating national ideas among local village people who, according to the Polish nobles, were to succumb to complete polonisation. Great influence of the Polish nobility on culture, economy and creating the national identity of the Latgalian Latvians, the policy of the Polish clergy and polonisation of the local people resulted in a negative opinion of the Polish influence in the Latvian lands. The study is an attempt to outline the issue which Polish researchers have not paid attention to so far. Nevertheless, regarding rich material it needs detailed research on a large scale.

PL

W literaturze polskiej poświęconej roli Polaków w kształtowaniu kultury Łotwy panuje jednomyślność co do pozytywnej roli i skutków tych wpływów. Nie można jednak pomijać milczeniem istnienia diametralnie różnej perspektywy łotewskiej, która szczególnie wyraźnie zarysowała się w pierwszych latach istnienia niepodległego państwa łotewskiego. Od początku obecności Polaków na Łotwie kontakty Łotyszy z Polakami i ich kulturą różnie wyglądały w poszczególnych regionach Łotwy. Okres, nazywany w historycznych źródłach łotewskich „polskimi czasami na Łotwie”, najdłużej trwał właśnie w Łatgalii (1561–1772), czyli w tzw. Inflantach Polskich. Tam też zauważalny był największy wpływ kultury polskiej na ludową kulturę łotewską. Okres ten był negatywnie oceniany przez wielu historyków łotewskich. Krytyce poddawana była skala oddziaływania kultury polskiej na rodzimą kulturę łotewską, a także na ogólny rozwój ziem dawnych Inflant Polskich. Negatywnie był też oceniany udział szlachty polskiej w rozwoju Łatgalii. Uważając te ziemie za swoje, nie była ona zainteresowana krzewieniem idei narodowych wśród miejscowej ludności chłopskiej, która, według możnowładztwa polskiego, już w niedługim czasie miała ulec całkowitej polonizacji. Ogromny wpływ inflanckiej szlachty polskiej na kulturę, gospodarkę, a także na kreowanie tożsamości narodowej łatgalskich Łotyszy, programowe działania duchowieństwa polskiego oraz polonizacja miejscowej ludności przyczyniły się do negatywnej oceny wpływów polskich na ziemiach łotewskich. Przedstawione opracowanie jest próbą naszkicowania zagadnienia, któremu dotychczas badacze polscy nie poświęcili większej uwagi, a które to ze względu na bogaty materiał wymaga szczegółowych i szeroko zakrojonych badań.

6

Kníže a král v souřadnicích přemyslovského věku

88%

Žemlička J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2016

|

tom 114

|

nr 1

7-31

EN

From the beginnings of statehood the Přemyslids reigned under the title of Dukes (dux, princeps). Similar to their neighbours in Central Europe (Poland, Hungary) they soon aspired to a royal title (rex), namely from the hands of the Holy Roman (Holy Roman–Germanic) emperors. The first one to reach this elevation was Vratislaus II in 1085/1086, yet, merely for his own person. It was only Přemysl Ottokar I (1197−1230) who was awarded a hereditary royal title in 1198. This study researches and comments on the problems facing the Přemyslids not merely in their confrontation externally but also with a conservative domestic environment. Thanks to recent publications, this subject is currently topical and much discussed in Czech Medieval studies.

7

Uwagi na temat sejmików szlachty sieradzkiej w Szadku na początku XVIII w. - na marginesie laudum z 8 czerwca 1716 r.

75%

Florczak I.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

|

2013

|

nr 13

117-132

EN

From the 14TH to the end of the 18TH century, Szadek was the place where political sejmiks of the Sieradz Voivodeship were held (exeptions were the election sejmiks, which took place in Sieradz). This article focuses on the reasons why Szadek was chosen as a place of Sieradz Voivodeship sejmiks. It also discusses the role which sejmiks played in local life and shows the political and economic situation of this land at the beginning of the 18TH century, connected with economic crisis, epidemics, political chaos and the Northem War. These were the reasons why Sieradz Voivodeship nobility joined the Confederetion in Targowica in 1716. The article also presents the resolution of the confederate sejmik of Sieradz Voivodeship Nobility, adopted in Szadek on 8111 June 1716. This source document, being part of the collection of the Bartoszewicz family, is kept in the State Archive in Łódź.

8

Z poddaného sirotka Jiříka Albrechta urozeným vladykou Zbudovským z Ebenberka. K sociální a geografické mobilitě a kariérním strategiím v Čechách v 1. polovině 17. století

75%

Matlas P.

Folia historica Bohemica

|

2012

|

tom 27

|

nr 2

237-261

EN

The life story of Jiří Albrecht Zbudovský is a model example of a career strategy, which enabled members of lower social classes to exceed the geographic and social horizon of an early modern village. Zbudovský achieved an outstanding social rise in the revolutionary period of the first half of the 17th century when most of the Bohemians experienced a deep material downfall and existential threat. This common villager became successful as a patrimonial officer thanks to his education and natural character. After the defeat of the Bohemian estate uprising, he became a personal secretary to the new legitimate nobleman, General Baltazar Maradas; he was released from serfdom for his loyal service and finally ennobled by the emperor. After his patron’s death, Zbudovský drew on his social capital which he had created, became established among the Prague burgesses and built effective bonds with the Prague patriciate. Despite this, he identified himself with the people of his native village throughout his life.

9

Latin as the Language of Social Communication of the Polish Nobility (Based on the Latin Heraldic Work by Szymon Okolski)

75%

Milewska-Waźbińska B.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

|

2013

|

tom 61

|

nr 3: Filologia Klasyczna

55-61

EN

The article highlights the role of Latin as the language of communication of the nobility living in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the beginning discusses the concept "latinitas", which meant not only the correct Latin, but also pointed to the ideological content of antiquity passed through the language of the ancient Romans. The article traced the process of using Latin as a tool for maintaining social ties. We studied Latin armorial "Orbis Polonus" by Simon Okolski (Cracow 1641-1645). It turned out that the language of this work was not only informative but also persuasive, propaganda and emotive. It concludes that Okolski consciously wrote his work in the language of the ancient Romans.

PL

W artykule podkreśla się rolę języka łacińskiego jako języka komunikacji społecznej szlachty zamieszkującej Rzeczpospolitą Obojga Narodów. Na początku omawia się pojęcie latinitas, które oznaczało nie tylko poprawną łacinę, lecz także wskazywało na treści ideowe antyku przekazywane za pomocą języka starożytnych Rzymian. W artykule prześledzono proces wykorzystania łaciny jako narzędzia pozwalającego na utrzymanie więzi społecznej. Badaniu poddano łaciński herbarz Orbis Polonus Szymona Okolskiego (Kraków 1641-1645). Okazało się, że język tego dzieła pełnił nie tylko funkcję informacyjną, lecz także perswazyjną, propagandową i emotywną. W konkluzji stwierdza się, że Okolski świadomie napisał swe dzieło w języku starożytnych Rzymian.

10

Válka a násilí jako sociální kód české pozdně středověké šlechty

75%

Beran Z.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

|

2017

|

tom 115

|

nr 2

319-345

EN

This study deals with the phenomena of aristocratic warfare and violence in late medieval Bohemia. Its main aim is to analyse the change, or the assumed retreat of aristocratic warfare from the life of the Bohemian nobility in the declining years of the Middle Ages. It makes use of the semantic analysis of the key terms used for designating aristocratic armed conflict, while it simultaneously questions some established terms as well as their accepted assessments; it also examines the viability and variability of the chivalric ideal owing to religious conflicts; further it approaches the legal background of the social order and focuses upon aristocratic warfare and violence as a social code in the context of changing social conditions. It demonstrates what a significant role in the process of forming the Early Modern society was played by an aristocratic ethos, which became the basis of a changeable, yet very viable social order in Late Medieval Bohemia.

11

Katolické panstvo na dvoře Jiřího z Poděbrad. Procesy vzájemné konvergence a divergence

75%

Beran Z.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

|

2014

|

tom 17

|

nr 2

37-75

EN

Catholic Lords at the Court of George of Poděbrady: A Mutual Process of Convergence and Divergence: The basic power centre was the sovereign court in the Poděbradian kingdom just like in the other medieval and modern monarchies. The court of George of Poděbrady in this study is seen from the structural-personnel perspective as the mutual ties of an arranged network of persons sharing along with the sovereign in the policy and administration of the land. The aim of the study is to capture the bilateral activity of George of Poděbrady with a group of upper aristocrats actively demonstrating their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Standard receiving Holy Communion under one species within the so-defined sovereign court. The mechanisms, which brought Catholics fully devoted to his political programme and person to the Poděbrady court, are examined in detail as well as the hidden pitfalls contained in the support of the Catholic nobility, who later abandoned George and formed a domestic opposition known as the Zelená Hora Unity. The work is structured into several mutually related levels analysing gradually the relation of estatism and confession in the Poděbrady period, the representation of the Catholics in the highest offices, their property situations, kinship ties, representation in the royal council and confrontation of the imperative of loyalty to the king and obedience to the pope. In this questioning, it is necessary to shift to the period before the royal election from March 1458 and note the early ties of George of Poděbrady with the Catholic nobility, remove the habitual evaluation leading to a condemnation of the “treacherous” Catholic nobility and simply not glorify those who remained with George of Poděbrady.

12

Rodzice, krewni i powinowaci a pamięć rodowa szlachty województwa ruskiego w XVII wieku (w świetle akt sejmikowych deductionis nobilitatis)

63%

Winnyczenko O.

Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe

|

2014

|

nr 6: Rodzina na pograniczu kulturowym

27-51

EN

The nobles, who were accused for the ignoble origin, had to go through the special procedure of proofing their nobility (deductionis nobilitatis) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They were required, according to the decision of the Diet in 1601, to submit a number of relatives-witnesses and documentary evidence during the annual deputy dietines and in front of the noble corporations’ representatives of that province from where the accused or his ancestors came from. A number of attestations, that were concluded in the 17th century as a result of successful proofs of nobility during dietines in Wisznia and Halicz, were known from the territories of Rus province. The understanding of family’s past, the former and current members of relatives of some privileged class, whose ancestral’s memory was stimulated by the threat of losing their social status, were reflected in these acts. The accusation of being ignoble had to push nobleman to restore his memory of the family, to reconstruct these ideas in a system of knowledge and to supplement them by the memory of his relatives and by documentary evidences. In the light of dietines’ attestations, the knowledge of ancestors and relatives, which differ in each case, was generally limited to three or four generations, usually no distant then grandfather’s generation (maximum great-grandfather). The memory of their ancestors from the female side was less profound (often no distant then grandfather), while from male side, due to property (hereditary) interest, it was supplemented with information from documentary records. A certain number of blood relatives, usually two or three dozen people and the representatives of older generations as well as coevals (cousins or second cousin and uncles) were known from the lateral branches. The relationship with them, in a mind of nobleman, was lined by the belonging to the descendants of any of the blood and affined relatives of his own ancestors. Preferably, the knowledge concerns men due to the patriarchal nature of noble families and perception of family as male (knight) corporation.

13

Moral values, and the people of the noble way of martial arts

63%

Cynarski W. J.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

|

2014

|

tom 14

|

nr 1

1-10

EN

The aim of this study is to conduct a critical analysis of the ethics functioning in selected systems of martial arts. The theoretical perspective is based on the humanistic theory of martial arts, and the sociology and anthropology of martial arts. The main method of research is a content analysis of documents and specialised literature, which is complemented by a qualitative method i.e. the author’s long-time participant observation of the international martial arts environment. In terms of a diachronic and synchronic approach, old traditions of martial arts, Christian influences in the area and the question of what their ethos looks like today are consecutively analysed. Thanks to Christian axiology the ethos of chivalry seems to be a unique achievement of historical warrior culture. The philosophy of idō is presented in an interesting way, as a result of the specific synergies between the ideas of East Asian martial arts and European knighthood. In contrast, the contemporary budō includes an axiological canon, which today manifests itself in various ways. This is particularly true of the multiform world of martial arts.

PL

Celem pracy jest krytyczna analiza etyki funkcjonującej w wybranych systemach sztuk walki. Perspektywę teoretyczną stanowi tu humanistyczna teoria sztuk walki, oraz socjologia i antropologia sztuk walki. Główną metodą badań jest tutaj analiza treści dokumentów i literatury przedmiotu, co uzupełnia trzecia metoda jakościowa – długoletnia obserwacja uczestnicząca autora w międzynarodowym środowisku sztuk walki. W ujęciu diachronicznym i synchronicznym analizowane są kolejno dawne tradycje sztuk walki, wpływy chrześcijańskie na tym obszarze i kwestia, jak wygląda ich dzisiejszy etos. Dzięki aksjologii chrześcijańskiej etos rycerski wydaje się być wyjątkowym osiągnięciem wśród historycznych kultur wojowników. Interesująco przedstawia się filozofia idō, jako efekt swoistej synergii idei wschodnioazjatyckich sztuk walki i europejskiego rycerstwa. Natomiast dzisiejsze budō zawiera kanon aksjologiczny, który jednak przejawia się dzisiaj w różnorodny sposób. Tym bardziej dotyczy to wielopostaciowego świata sztuk walki

14

Volba krále a tyranovražda. Návod k ustavení politické role české šlechty v Dalimilově kronice

63%

Adde-Vomacka E.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

|

2014

|

tom 17

|

nr 1

41-88

EN

The study focuses on the Chronicle of the So-Called Dalimil. In contrast with the traditional perception of this source dominated by ethnic and nationalistic accents, the author here tries to reveal the ideological layers and devotes special attention to the questions of the legitimacy of the power of the king and the contracts that connected the sovereign with the „community“, i.e. with the nobility. The first part of the paper treats Dalimil’s conception of the right to resist (ius resistendi) and his justification of the uprising of the nobility against the sovereign who violates his mission and the interest of the „community“. The second part addresses the issues of tyranny and tyrannicide in the Middle Ages and treatment of this topic by the So-Called Dalimil.

15

Praktyka spadkobrania testamentowego a rodzina szlachecka w świetle aktów ostatniej woli z ksiąg grodzkich lwowskich i przemyskich pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku

63%

Winnyczenko O.

Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe

|

2014

|

nr 6: Rodzina na pograniczu kulturowym

53-74

EN

Testaments belong to that documentary sources that allow one to research thoroughly the ownership and general property status of nobility’s family. The origin of the property (inherited, acquired, mortgage, etc.), the conditions of its acquisition and sometimes the history of ownership of this property by the testator and his ancestors are often referred in the acts of last will. The subject of the testament of the first half of the 18th century represents the information which can be found in the disposition of nobility’s testaments that were inscribed to Lviv and Przemyśl castles books. Nobility disposed mostly of sums of money and real estate (villages, parts of villages, lands, seldom houses). Things were mentioned only in some testaments and, only in rare cases, each thing were counted in them (mainly weapons, jewellery, rarely plates and dishes). Some testators (those, who were not wealthy and whose property consisted of personal use items, weapons, clothing, etc.) bequeathed all property which they owned, while the majority of testators not numbered all movable and immovable property. The subject of last will correlates depending on whether testator had descendants or distant relatives had a claim on inheritance. The discretional part of testament contains lots of materials for the research of patrimony and property relations in nobility’s society. It also allows us to trace the family conflicts that unfolded around heritage. Thus, the testaments illustrate how important was inheritance for the nobility’s status in the society of that period of time. The authors of testaments who had no offsprings or whose children had died till that time, appointed their descendants, instead, those testatory who had descendants only divide property among them, trying to make an even division. One followed crown hereditary laws in appointing future inheritance: 3/4 of property was divided among once sons, 1/4 – between daughters, regardless of the number of the latter. The researched testament confirm the use of such proportions in practice but sometimes cases of complete or partial elimination of inheritance were known.

16

Sylwa jako świadectwo sarmackich obyczajów. Przyczynek do badań

63%

Szagun D.

Rozprawy Komisji Językowej ŁTN

|

2015

|

tom LXI

240-249

PL

Sylwa szlachecka jest jednym z najsilniej reprezentowanych typów tekstu w Rzeczypospolitej Szlacheckiej od XVI do XIX wieku. Jest także wyraźnie związana z dominującą w tym okresie szlachecką wspólnotą komunikatywną, stając się odzwierciedleniem sarmackich obyczajów. Samo pisanie sylw jawi się jako powszechny zwyczaj językowy, w swym tworzywie i treści ujawniając kolejne ślady obyczajów. Z punktu widzenia genologii lingwistycznej, sylwa jawi się jako kategoria kulturowa, ujmowana w wymiarze formotwórczym, poznawczym, komunikacyjnym, stylistycznym i historycznym. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę omówienia jednego z aspektów – sylwy jako kategorii komunikacyjnej. Bogactwo gatunków, ich hybrydyczność, typowość dla różnych kategorii ponadgatunkowych odzwierciedla gusta i potrzeby szlachty, dając wyraz mentalności sarmackiej czasów saskich.

EN

Nobles’ silva is one of the most strongly represented types of text in the Nobles’ Republic from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. It is also clearly linked to the dominant in this period noble communicative community, becoming a reflection of the Sarmatian customs. Writing the silva itself appears to be a common linguistic usage, revealing further traces of customs in its material and content. From the point of view of linguistic genology, silva is seen as a cultural category, recognized in the creating, cognitive, communicative, stylistic and historical dimensions. This article attempts to discuss one aspect – silva as a category of communication. The richness of genres, their hybridity, typicality for different categories reflects the tastes and needs of the nobility, expressing the Sarmatian mentality of Saxon times.

17

Reflections on the Nobility of Spirit in Romanian Philosophy

63%

Lateş T.

Dialogue and Universalism

|

2017

|

nr 4

127-136

EN

At the turn of the 17th century, in Romanian philosophy the nobility of spirit is seen as a certain but intermediate value, to be cherished while man waits for his divine re-ward, which is everlasting life, as presented in Divanul [The Divan] by Dimitrie Cantemir. Two hundred and fifty years later, man is regarded as having evolved from the animal forms of life in Mihai Ralea’s systematic presentation Explicarea omului [An Explanation of Man], and the sole meaning of nobility is the revolutionary one, the heroic one, that is the ethical one. From a totally different point of view, during the interwar period, Constantin Micu Stavilă developed a general theory of man and society thus compellingly arguing against the claims of all ideologists of the natural genesis of human spirituality. In this theory the nobility of spirit was said to come from work and creation. By presenting these examples, my intention is to rediscover this spiritual, mor-al and socio-cultural ideal in order to find its place, role and profile in designing a new view of human nature, for a more decent human world.

18

Biografia nieobecna. Wokół życia i twórczości Ireneusza Plater-Zyberka

63%

Zawisza R.

|

tom 38

296-314

EN

Ireneusz Plater-Zyberk (1896–1946), was a writer and a film producer, adventurer and gallant. His life is an incredible story of the disabled individual who succeeded in an amazing career. Plater-Zyberk was born in a wealthy landowning family who lived at the estate of Vabole in Latvia. He was born without hands and at that time, due to his disability, was classified as "margins of society." Thanks to perseverance and commitment of his mother, he graduated as an extern student from high school in Warsaw, Poland. His career includes Life without Hands, memories, and two novels. He was a co-author of first movie in Poland with stunt effects Dead Node (1927), which unfortunately wasn’t preserved. Also, he was recognized as a documentary creator as well as an initiator of film production regulations.

PL

Ireneusz Plater-Zyberk (1896 lub 1897–1946) był literatem i twórcą filmowym, nieco awanturnikiem i bawidamkiem. Jego postać to niezwykły przykład niepełnosprawnego, który osiągnął w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym znaczącą karierę. Ireneusz Plater-Zyberk pochodził z zamożnej rodziny ziemiańskiej, zamieszkałej w majątku Wabol na Łotwie. Urodził się bez rąk i w ówczesnej rzeczywistości miał pozostać na marginesie społeczeństwa. Dzięki wytrwałości matki udało mu się ukończyć jako ekstern gimnazjum w Warszawie. W swoim dorobku ma wspomnienia Życie bez rąk oraz dwie powieści. Ważną rolę odegrał Plater jako scenarzysta i reżyser, był m.in. współtwórcą pierwszego polskiego filmu z efektami kaskaderskimi „Martwy węzeł” (1927). Miał on również ogromne zasługi jako twórca filmów dokumentalnych i jednocześnie inspirator zmian w prawodawstwie dotyczącym produkcji filmowej. Tłem jego twórczości pisarskiej jest burzliwe i pełne przygód życie osobiste, romanse i popełniony mezalians, które z racji kalectwa były traktowane przez społeczność ziemiańską pobłażliwie i z dużą wyrozumiałością.

19

Narativní vzorce ve vyprávěních šlechty z Čech a Moravy o druhé světové válce a nacismu

63%

Švaříčková Slabáková R.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

|

2014

|

tom 22

|

nr 1

225-239

EN

Based on twenty interviews with the representatives of a specific memory group, Bohemia’s and Moravia’s nobility, their memories of the period of World War II and the Nazi era are described. The author shows that a remembrance is not only a mere expression of personal experiences, as often believed in oral history, but that it constitutes a complicated fabric in which individual memory, often unconsciously, is subject to the current predominant cultural scripts. Hence, the memories of nobles exhibit some identical narrative patterns, typical of the nobility of Bohemia and Moravia as a social group, mostly irrespective of their nationality.

20

Majątki szlacheckie w okolicy Kcyni na przełomie XIV i XV wieku

63%

Karczewska J.

Studia Zachodnie

|

2017

|

tom 19

17-26

PL

Średniowieczna własność w pobliżu Kcyni znajdowała się w rękach rodów rycerskich o dawnej metryce i żyjących na tym terytorium od pokoleń. Należały do nich rody Pałuków, Porajów, Grzymałów i Leszczyców. Dominującą majątkowo genealogią byli Pałukowie, zwłaszcza linia gołaniecka tego rodu, a w niej wybijały się rodziny z Danaborza i Szaradowa. W XV w. w okolice Kcyni zaczęli napływać przedstawiciele innych rodów, którzy stali się tam posesjonatami głównie dzięki nabyciu majątku lub zawarciu korzystnego małżeństwa. Należeli do nich Rogalowie, Sulimowie i Dryjowie. W omawianym okresie majątek dziedziczny ulegał rozdrobnieniu, a dobra często były przedmiotem transakcji. Własność była podzielona na części, będące w rękach właścicieli wywodzących się z różnych rodów o statusie średniozamożnej szlachty.

EN

The medieval property nearby Kcynia was owned by knightly families of a long tradition, which inhabited this territory for generations. They included such family names as Pałuki, Poraj, Grzymała and Leszczyc. The dominating genealogy in terms of property was the Pałuki family, particularly the line residing in the Gołanice area, with the distinguishing families from Danabórz and Szaradowo. In the 15¬th c. the areas of Kcynia began to be settled by representatives of other families acquiring land and property mainly through purchase or a favourably arranged marriage. Among them we find the Rogala, Sulima and Dryja families. In the discussed period the inheritable property was subject to fragmentation, and the goods often became an object of transaction. Property was divided into parts owned by representatives of various families with the status of the middle-income gentry.