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First meetings? The Late Mesolithic and the Linear Pottery culture in Northeast Germany

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Terberger T. , Kabaciński J. , Kotula A.

Materiały Zachodniopomorskie

2021

tom 17

163-193

Artykuł dotyczy wczesnego okresu atlantyckiego (ok. 7000–5000 cal BC), kiedy łowcy-zbieracze potencjalnie mogli mieć kontakt z wczesnymi społecznościami rolniczymi występującymi w północno-wschodnich Niemczech. Możliwe, że gdy Niż Północnoeuropejski był kolonizowany przez ludność kultury ceramiki wstęgowej rytej (ok. 5300–5200 cal BC), jedynie nieliczna populacja mezolityczna zasiedlała ten teren. Stanowisko KCWR Lietzow 10 dostarczyło niezwykle rzadkich dowodów na bezpośrednią styczność pomiędzy różnymi społecznościami. Dowodami na wczesne kontakty mogą być również pojedyncze fragmenty ceramiki KCWR znajdowane na stanowiskach brzegowych.

The article focuses on the early Atlantic period (c. 7,000–5,000 cal BC), when late foragers potentially met with early farming communities in Northeast Germany. It is likely that only a sparse Mesolithic population lived in the lowlands when Linear Pottery (LBK) farmers established at 5,300–5,200 cal BC. The LBK site Lietzow 10 provides rare evidence of direct contacts between the different populations. Early contacts can also be proven by isolated LBK pottery fragments on coastal sites.

Prehistoric upland exploitation of the Central Alps – a case study from the Karwendel Mountains

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von Nicolai C.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

2023

tom LVIII

11-38

The frequentation of the uplands and the origin of seasonal pastoralism in the Central Alps in prehistory are intensively discussed topics. This case study from the Karwendel Mountains, a mountain range situated between Tyrol (Austria) and Bavaria (Germany), illustrates on the basis of archaeological surveys and excavations as well as pollen analyses how groups of hunter-gatherers frequented and used a mountainous area since the Mesolithic. This traditional use continued well into the period that is in the more fertile lowlands characterized as Neolithic. The study also shows that the human impact on the natural vegetation in the heart of the mountain range was very modest until the Roman era, while other upland meadows of the Central Alps were used for livestock grazing since the Bronze Age. These pastoral practices deeply changed the landscape and the vegetation of the areas involved. The Karwendel, on the other hand, was at least sporadically visited but remained largely unaffected by human exploitation until modern times, as it is situated at the margin of the important communication routes and the main settlement areas.

New interpretations of the Neolithization process in South Scandinavia during the late 5th and early 4th millennium BC – an identification of the scouting, pioneering and consolidation phase

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Sørensen L.

2017

tom 63

59-78

W artykule dyskutowana jest kwestia rozwoju rolnictwa w południowej w kontekście trzech faz: skautingu, pionierów oraz konsolidacji. Poszczególne fazy odbywały się w różnych okresach. Początek procesu określony jako skauting miał miejsce pod koniec piątego tysiąclecia. Faza pionierów rozpoczęła się około 4000 cal BC i trwała kilkaset lat kiedy około 3800/3700 cal BC przeszła w fazę konsolidacji.

In this paper it is argued, that the expansions of agrarian practices in southern Scandinavia were associated with three specific phases: a scouting, pioneering and consolidation phase. The scouting phase was initiated by neighbouring agrarian societies in Central Europe during the late 5th millennium BC in order to identify future settlement grounds in South Scandinavia. The scouts initiated social gift relations with indigenous hunter-gatherers, which resulted in novel changes within the material culture together with the earliest evidence of domesticated animals and plants. These scouts laid the foundations for a migration of pioneering farmers beginning around 4000 cal BC, which were related to the Michelsberg Culture. These incoming pioneering farmers can be associated with some fundamental changes, as they settled on easy arable soils, thus demonstrating the introduction of an agrarian subsistence together with a new material culture and symbolic behaviour in South Scandinavia. The migration of pioneering farmers swiftly changed the material culture within the indigenous populations, thus supporting the theory of integrationism between the early farmers and local hunter-gatherers. Contemporary evidence from 4000 to 3700 cal BC also indicate a variable degree of continuity within the material culture and subsistence strategies, thus suggesting a population duality consisting of farmers living on easy arable soils and indigenous hunter-gatherers experimenting with agrarian practices, who settled the coastal zone. The continuous engagement and social interaction between the farming societies living in the inland and the hunter-gatherers in the coastal zones resulted in a consolidation phase from 3800 cal BC onwards, which is characterized by a fully integrated and developed agrarian society, which were interconnected with a larger European network.