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O tożsamości nauk o bezpieczeństwie

100%

Zięba R.

tom nr 1(86)

7-22

Security is the key notion in the new discipline of security sciences. This term is a subject-matter category and refers to various social life participants, starting from an individual through large social groups, including organizational structures (institutions) representing single people and various social groups (states, nations, societies, international systems). Security is an existential need, i.e. connected with a particular individual’s existence. This need has a complex character and involves fulfilling such detailed needs as existence (survival/self-preservation), entirety, identity, independence, peace, possession and certainty of functioning and development. In the most general meaning, security may be defined as certainty of existence, possession, functioning and development of a subject. This certainty results not only from the lack of threat (it does not appear or is eliminated) but it also arises due to creative activity of a given subject and it changes with time, thus it shows the nature of a social process. Three dimensions of security can be differentiated: referring to the subject, object and functioning (process). Thus in the dimension referring to the subject, security means the certainty of existence and survival for a particular social life participant. In the dimension referring to the object it means the certainty of its possession status (identity including) and opportunities (freedoms) of development. In the functional dimension, security involves changing in time subjective and objective security aspects, i.e. certainty of functioning as well as development of a given subject. In a traditional approach security is considered in the context of threats and is associated with the use of force and constraint (coercion). Today, however, the approach to the character and kinds of force and constraint are changing and security perception is evolving. The feature of this evolution is the broadening of the security dimensions pertaining to the subject, object and functioning. It is commonly defined as demilitarization and extension of the security scope and content. The main security paradigms in social sciences include realism, liberalism (idealism) and constructivism. Attempting to answer the key question on the security sciences’ identity, the author proposes applying the way suggested by Max Weber from interpretation, and understanding to explaining the security phenomenon of various subjects. This approach is close to a moderate version of constructivism, however, taking into account realism and liberalism. It may create a specific methodology of a “golden mean” in security sciences.

Brzydkie kaczątko : czyli głos w dyskusji o miejscu i roli nauk o bezpieczeństwie wśród innych dyscyplin i dziedzin wiedzy

63%

Cieślarczyk M.

tom nr 4(73)

29-38

The article presents the author’s opinions on the place and role of security studies among other sciences and fields of study. It is a voice in the discussion preceding a formal inclusion of security studies into the register of sciences and fields of study in Poland. The main thesis of the article states that security studies should be treated as a field of study comprising such disciplines as ecological security, health security, economic security, political security, public security, military security and include such specialties as air, land maritime security (military studies), information security and others. According to the author, registering security studies as social studies discipline may significantly limit the development of inter- and trans- disciplinary research of security problems. They should take into consideration the output and achievements of other sciences and fields of study such as the humanities, nature, medicine, agriculture, engineering and technology. Otherwise the course of study “security engineering” may face problems connected not only with conducting research but with carrying out didactic activity as well. Presenting various ways of sciences and fields of study classification, the author concludes that J. T. Tykociner’s pragmatic classification of sciences seems to be the most favourable for security studies.