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Can Naturalness Indicator Values Reveal Habitat Degradation? A Test of Four Methodological Approaches

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Erdős L. , Bátori Z. , Penksza K. , Dénes A. , Kevey B. , Kevey D. , Magnes M. , Sengl P. , Tölgyesi C.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2017

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tom Vol. 65, nr 1

1--13

EN

Assessing habitat naturalness belongs to the most current issues in conservation biology. It has been recognized that plants are able to indicate the naturalness of their habitat. Thus, species may be given relative naturalness indicator values (i.e. scores on an ordinal scale), reflecting their different tolerances against habitat degradation. In the present study, our first goal was to test whether relative naturalness indicator values are able to reveal known differences in naturalness levels. Our second purpose was to compare four different methodological approaches in order to identify which is the most reliable when analyzing habitat naturalness. We compared near-natural and degraded plots on the bases of (1) unweighted plot means, (2) plot medians, (3) unweighted naturalness indicator value populations, and (4) frequency-weighted naturalness indicator value populations. We found that relative naturalness indicator values performed well in differentiating among near-natural and degraded vegetation. Unweighted mean indicator values were the most reliable, but frequency-weighted indicator value populations were nearly as efficient as unweighted means. We conclude that relative naturalness indicator values provide a simple but reliable tool for estimating habitat deterioration.

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Respect for Life from the Point of View of Naturalness

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Baďurová B.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2022

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tom 20

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nr 1

15-23

PL

W codziennych rozmowach ludzie często używają terminów „naturalny” i „naturalność”, a ich znaczenie nie budzi kontrowersji. Jednak, jak zaznacza autorka, może to prowadzić do nieporozumień w dyskusjach, zwłaszcza dotyczących kwestii etycznych. Artykuł opiera się głównie na filozoficznych metodach analizy i syntezy pojęciowej. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie – czy szacunek dla życia jest naturalny, a jeśli tak, to w jakim sensie? Przedstawiono analizę kilku pojęć naturalności, a następnie w celu syntezy odniesiono je do pojęcia poszanowania życia w etyce środowiskowej. Autorka analizując pojęcie naturalności inspiruje się przede wszystkim badaniami M. Sagoffa i H. Siipiego. Odnosząc się do wyników badań, autorka stwierdza, że niektóre ujęcia naturalności nie pasują do etyki poszanowania życia, bo np. nie są w tym kontekście dostatecznie konkretne i etycznie istotne, podczas gdy inne mogą być przydatne w argumentacji na rzecz poszanowania życia istot pozaludzkich. Autorka twierdzi, że najbardziej odpowiednim ujęciem wydaje się pojmowanie naturalności zgodne z arystotelesowskim telosem, choć zmodyfikowanym na rzecz nieantropocentrycznej etyki środowiskowej. Choć kilku autorów podjęło badania nad pojęciem szacunku dla życia w powiązaniu z pojęciem naturalności, to opracowanie to wzbogaca toczącą się dyskusję na polu etyki środowiskowej o poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie – czy szacunek dla życia jest naturalny oraz jak rozumieć tę naturalność? Filozoficzne metody zadawania powiązanych pytań oraz konceptualna analiza pojęcia „naturalność”, a także poszukiwanie jego zastosowania i syntezy, mogą być również stosowane w edukacji szkolnej poprzez promowanie krytycznego i filozoficznego myślenia uczniów, którzy dzięki temu mogą kształtować w sobie postawy odpowiedzialnego podejścia do kryzysu ekologicznego i problemów środowiskowych.

EN

In daily debates, people often use the words “natural” and “naturalness”, and the meaning is often regarded as unproblematic. However, as the author points out, this can lead to misunderstanding in discussions, especially those regarding ethical matters. This paper relies mostly on philosophical methods of conceptual analysis and synthesis. The purpose of this study is to find answers to the question - Is respect for life natural and if so, in what sense? An analysis of several concepts of naturalness is presented, and later, applied to the concept of respect for life in environmental ethics for the purpose of synthesis. By analysing the concept of naturalness, the author is inspired, mostly by the investigations made by M. Sagoff and by H. Siipi. Regarding the findings, the author concludes that some senses of naturalness are not appropriate for the ethics of respect for life, because they are, for instance, not specific enough and ethically irrelevant in this context, while others may be useful in argumentation for respecting non-human living beings. The author claims that the most suitable sense seems to be the sense of naturalness in accordance with Aristotelian telos, although also modified for the sake of non-anthropocentric environmental ethics. Even though several authors dealt with the concept of respect for life and the concept of naturalness, this contribution enriches the discussion in the environmental ethics as it seeks answers to a question - if the respect for life is natural, in what sense of naturalness is it? The philosophical methods of asking related questions, and conceptual analysis of the term “naturalness”, as well as seeking its application and synthesis, can also be applied in schools when promoting the critical and philosophical thinking of students, who can, at once, become citizens dealing responsibly with ecological crisis and environmental problems.

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Environment naturalness preservation problems in the city development

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Kryvoruchko Y.

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2015

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tom Z. 21 (171)

144--149

EN

The determination and preservation of city environment natural reality and the environment as a whole are the important tasks, which appear in the modern conditions in the process of city planning.

PL

Ustalenie i ochrona środowiska rzeczywistości naturalnej miasta jako całość są ważnymi zadaniami, które pojawiają się w nowoczesnych warunkach w trakcie procesu planowania miasta.

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The Influence of Stand Structure on European Yew Taxus baccata Populations in Its Natural Habitats in Central Poland

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Dobrowolska D. , Niemczyk M. , Olszowska G.

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tom Vol. 65, nr 3

369--384

EN

Taxus baccata is a rare species throughout its entire natural range and is often categorized as nationally threatened in countries where it occurs. In Poland yew is under protection and almost all sites with yew occurrences are subject to reserve protection. The aim of the study was to answer the following questions: What is the tree diameter structure of stands in three yew reserves? What is the stand biodiversity of three yew reserves in central Poland? How does the stand species composition influence natural regeneration of yew? What shall be done in the future to protect yew in its natural habitats? The study was conducted in three yew reserves in central Poland. Based on a detailed research on 30 circular sample plots established in each reserve we found high stand diversity in all investigated areas. Shannon-Weiner index (H´) was high in general and ranged from 1.50 to 1.69, and the Shannon's index of evenness (E) ranged from 0.51 to 0.64. The diameter structure of two studied reserves was similar to natural multi-layered stand structure. The number of yew trees and their vitality was low. The species diversity of natural regeneration in all reserves was very high. However, the quantity and quality of yew regeneration in multi-layered diameter structure was significantly lower than in one-layered stand structure. To protect yew, appropriate conservation measures should be undertaken, including silvicultural treatments for in situ species conservation. We found that passive conservation is an inappropriate strategy for yew because of its weak competitiveness ability. We recommend active conservation approach, including silvicultural treatments. i.e. cutting broadleaved trees in places where the basal area is the highest, removing some trees in the upper layer of stand which compete with yews. Individual protection of yew seedlings and saplings is also necessary because of damages caused by herbivores.