The article describes the ideas of people's sovereignty and division of powers, which are the foundation of world constitutionalism as a historical phenomenon. The author analyzes the evolution of the notions of popular sovereignty and distribution of powers, as well as the factors that determine their relevance with regard to modern social practices in different countries, primarily in Ukraine. In the context of the concept of popular sovereignty, the article explores interpretations of the people, including legal, as well as the content and nature of the people's right to uprising even against formally legitimate rulers who usurped power and abuses it. In line with the concept of the division of powers, the main forms of government are considered. It is emphasized that the form of government, which was adopted in Ukraine in the early 90's, is merely a simulation of the corresponding forms. The article examines the reception of the ideas of national sovereignty and distribution of powers by the authors of the program documents of Ukrainian political parties at the beginning of the XX century, as well as constitutional projects and acts of constitutional significance, promulgated and approved during the national liberation movement of 1917-1921. The author notes that explicit authoritarianism in the organization and implementation of power and some formal features of parliamentary government or the intention to implement it for objective reasons often combined in this period
Opracowanie zawiera wyniki geopolitycznej analizy kartograficzno-lingwistycznej sytuacji narodów i grup etnicznych nie posiadających własnych państw narodowych, ani nie dominujących w państwach wielonarodowych. Celem analizy było utworzenie pełnej listy narodów, których kraje są podzielone współczesną granicą państwową. Najczęściej takie kraje przedziela jedna granica, zatem są pod zaborem dwóch państw, ale okazało się, że bywają przypadki zaborów, gdzie kraj rozdarty jest pomiędzy pięć podmiotów politycznych. Narodów i grup etnicznych spełniających kryteria założone w badaniu jest 229, a największe z nich przedstawiono bardziej szczegółowo. Najwięcej z nich żyje w Afryce Subsaharyjskiej i tamże jest najwięcej konfliktów na tle etnicznym.
EN
The study contains the results of a geopolitical cartographic and linguistic analysis of the situation of stateless nations and ethnic groups. The aim of the analysis was to create a complete list of nations whose countries are divided by a modern state borders. Most often, such countries are separated by one border, so they are under the rule of two countries, but it turned out that there are cases of partitions where the country is torn between five political entities. There are 229 nations and ethnic groups that meet the criteria established in the study, and the largest of them are presented in more detail. Most of them live in Sub-Saharan Africa and that is where the most ethnic conflicts occur.
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