Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Służby miejskie na ratuszu w miastach Wołynia w XVI–XVII w.

100%

Biłous N.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

|

2015

|

tom 75

PL

Town halls in the cities of the Wołyń region in the modern era (Summary)The article presents source material on town halls found in the towns of the Wołyń region. The first references to the town halls in question date back to the sixties of the sixteenth century. Prior to their appearance the meetings of the judicial authorities were held in the Mayor’s house which, in the seventeenth century, was the second most important public building in the town. As such, it served as a courtroom hosting jury trials. Town halls in the Wołyń region were made of wood, and it was not until the latter half of the seventeenth century that town halls made of brick or stone began to appear. However, these buildings did not even survive until the eighteenth century, and, unfortunately, no image of these edifices is preserved today. The way in which the towns of the region functioned was significantly affected by a group of men remaining in the service of the municipal authorities. Among the latter, to whom references are made in our sources, are: the servants of mayors and deputy mayors, the town crier, the executioner, night watchmen, town hall guardians and town guards. In addition to having underdeveloped municipal services, the towns of the region in question were administered along less complex lines than those following the administration of the other towns of the Old Poland, which can be taken to indicate the underdevelopment of both their municipal economies and their self-government as well. However, there can be no doubt that in employing town servants municipal authorities in the region, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, took into consideration the financial possibilities of the town budget.

2

Kilka uwag odnośnie do języka pomocniczego w świetle ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych i etnicznych oraz o języku regionalnym

89%

Fiktus P.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

|

2018

|

tom 16

|

nr 2

25-41

PL

In accordance with the Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and regional languages, the so-called auxiliary language was introduced into the Polish legal order. It involves a situation when it is used by a national or ethnic minority in a municipality where they constitute a minimum of 20% of the total population. Then there is the legal possibility of using the minority language on equal terms with the official language, that is the Polish language, before the municipal authorities. This paper presents and describes issues related to the rules of introducing an auxiliary language and situations when it can be used. The existing legislative shortcomings in the form of using phrases that are ill-defined or cause problems of interpretation are pointed out. The auxiliary language, although it can currently be used only in 33 municipalities, is an important element in the functioning of national and ethnic minorities in Poland, as well as is very useful in the relations between the municipality and the residents (belonging to the minority).

3

Stosunek demokracji do profesjonalizmu jako problem samorządu gminnego w Republice Słowackiej

75%

Palúš I.

Warmińsko-Mazurski Kwartalnik Naukowy, Nauki Społeczne

|

2015

|

nr 3

89-101

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy relacji pomiędzy demokracją i profesjonalizmem na gruncie samorządu terytorialnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zadań i roli gminy. Ponadto artykuł zwraca uwagę na relacje pomiędzy starostą gminy a radą gminnym. Wskazuje na kwestie związane z przesłanką odpowiedniego poziomu wykształcenia oraz profesjonalizmu, jako warunku wykonywania funkcji starosty gminy. W dalszej części Autor przedstawia perspektywę zmian obecnie obowiązującego porządku prawnego w obszarze samorządu terytorialnego na Słowacji w zakresie objętym zaprezentowaną pracą .

EN

This paper attempts to analyze the relation between democracy and professionalism on the level of territorial self-government under particular consideration of the areas of responsibility and the role of the municipality. Moreover, this article discusses the relation between the “Starosta” (Municipal Commissioner) and the municipal council. In particular it focuses on the premise of an adequate level of formal and professional education viz. experience in order to successfully perform the function of Municipal Commissioner. Following, the author discusses the perspectives of pending changes within the presently applicable domestic legal order concerning municipal authorities in Slovakia and the issues presented in this paper.

4

Problemy współdziałania organów polskich gmin

71%

Kotarba B.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

|

2016

|

nr 1

209-230

EN

In modern countries an important part of public duties is performed by local governments. As in the case of other institutions of power, they perform their tasks through the authorities. The article analyses the relationship between the municipal authorities – the basic unit of the local government. It shows how changes in the law affect the position and responsibilities of both the decision-making body – the municipal council, and the executive body – initially the board of the municipality, then the commune head (mayor, president). These changes also translate into mutual relations. A thesis has been assumed that the cooperation of the municipal authorities depends not only on institutional and legal solutions, but also on other factors, including the balance of power which is formed in the government after the elections. Based on this factor three models of relationships have been proposed – idyllic, optimal and confrontational. They describe the advantages and disadvantages of different styles of interactions which may appear among municipal authorities, despite identical legal frameworks for all of them.

PL

We współczesnych państwach istotną część zadań publicznych wykonują samorządy. Podobnie jak i w przypadku innych instytucji władzy, zadania swe wykonują za pośrednictwem organów. W artykule podjęto analizę relacji pomiędzy organami gminy – podstawowej jednostki samorządu terytorialnego. Przedstawiono, jak zmiany w prawie wpływały na pozycję i zakres kompetencji organu stanowiącego – rady gminy oraz wykonawczego − początkowo zarządu gminy, a następnie wójta (burmistrza, prezydenta). Przekładały się one również na ich wzajemne relacje. Przyjęto tezę, że współpraca organów gminy zależy nie tylko od rozwiązań instytucjonalno-prawnych, ale i od innych czynników, w tym układu sił, jaki się ukształtuje we władzach w wyniku wyborów. W oparciu o ten czynnik zaproponowano trzy modele wzajemnych relacji – idylliczny, optymalny oraz konfliktowy. Opisują one zalety i wady różnych stylów współdziałania organów gminy, które mogą się wytworzyć mimo jednakowych dla wszystkich ram prawnych.

5

Od domus civium do pałacu komunalnego. Średniowieczne początki siedziby władz miejskich

71%

Manikowska H.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

|

2014

|

tom 74

EN

From domus civium to a communal palace. The medieval beginnings of the seat of municipal authorities(Summary) The article discusses the development of the permanent seat of municipal authorities in western Medieval towns – the most impressive secular public building, the symbol and ‘logo’ of a medieval town (known as a commune). The main subject of analysis is the terminology used to describe various communities of citizens, places for their gatherings and the seat of the municipal authorities, used in source materials, from the oldest mention of communes until the 13th century. The birth of the communes, and development of the language to describe them, are presented against the backdrop of the great social and political processes taking place at the turn of the first and second millennium, in “post-Carolingian Europe”, although initially they were only perceptible in Latin. The common basis for educating Medieval clerks (notaries and town writers) – also in terms of language and law – resulted in a barely differentiable and quickly stabilized Latin terminology for describing the seat of the commune (domus civium, domus civitatis, praetorium). The differentiation is more noticeable in the vernacular languages, especially with reference to words describing the place where citizens held gatherings and the place of work of the first municipal authorities, which enables a fuller perception of the relationship between the place where power was exercised and the political evolution of the commune – the degree of its independence, the system of authority, aspirations to political sovereignty and, lastly, the ideology and communal identity. This terminology reflects the processes and circumstances in which the communes were born and developed, the role, on the one hand, of the bishop, his seat and the cathedral, and on the other, the stormy development of the economy, in particular trade and the establishment of guilds (merchants’ chambers). What is particularly noticeable is the term used by the Italian communes transforming into city-states in the 12th/13th century – palatium (palazzo) – which in Roman law was reserved for the seat of the Emperor, and in the early Medieval period was also used by royalty, and then, in the period in which Italian bishops were losing their powers in Italian towns, appropriated by them to describe the residences which were being extended. The general term for the place where municipal powers were being exercised, consolidated in the 13th/14th century in vernacular languages, has remained little changed down to this day in most regions of the researched area. The article concludes with deliberations on the function of the late Medieval seat of the municipal authorities, provided with a strong tower and which housed the constantly increasing archives, as a place of credibility (locus credibilis), memories and space for social communication.

6

E-administration, cybersecurity and municipalities – the challenges of cybersecurity issues for the municipalities in Hungary

51%

Hoffman I. , Cseh K. B.

Cybersecurity and Law

|

2020

|

tom Vol. 4 (2)

199--211

EN

Today, the digital revolution has also caught up with the administration. The digitalisation of the (public) administration has strong links to the security issues. Digitalisation could be interpreted as one of the tools for the good governance and it has several challenges, as well. In this article the situation and the challenges on the cybersecurity issues of e-administration services and practice of Hungarian municipalities will be analysed. The challenges and risks are significant, because of the fragmented Hungarian municipal system by which the economic power of the Hungarian municipalities is relatively limited. If we look at the regulation it was focused on the development a horizontally integrated e-administration. Although the acts on this system have been passed in the last years, and the former restrictions of the electronic administration have been eliminated, but the practice of the Hungarian e-administration is partly different. The new, enhanced e-administration resulted new challenges, which was partly solved by the radical nationalisation and centralisation of the former municipally performed tasks. The municipal e-administration systems have been built mainly by the largest municipalities, but their operation could be further developed, and thus the municipal cybersecurity is a developing part of the Hungarian public administration tasks, as well.

PL

Obecna rewolucja cyfrowa dotarła również do administracji. Z cyfryzacją administracji (publicznej) silnie wiążą się kwestie bezpieczeństwa. Proces ten można postrzegać jako jedno z narzędzi dobrego zarządzania, choć jego realizacja wymaga stawienia czoła kilku wyzwaniom. W niniejszym artykule dokonano analizy stanu cyfryzacji w usługach e-administracji i praktyce węgierskich gmin oraz wiążących się z nią wyzwań i zagrożeń. Są one istotne i wynikają z rozproszonego systemu gmin na Węgrzech i dlatego mają one względnie ograniczone możliwości finansowe. Regulacje w tym zakresie skupiały się na rozwoju integracji poziomej systemu e-administracji. Wprawdzie w ostatnich latach uchwalono przepisy dotyczące tego systemu oraz wyeliminowania funkcjonujących wcześniej ograniczeń dla administracji elektronicznej, lecz w praktyce zmiany w węgierskiej e-administracji okazały się częściowo mijać z założeniami. Nowy, udoskonalony system e-administracji doprowadził do powstania kolejnych wyzwań, z którymi poradzono sobie częściowo poprzez radykalną nacjonalizację i centralizację zadań realizowanych wcześniej przez gminy. System e-administracji budują głównie największe gminy. Jego obsługa wymaga dalszego rozwoju i w związku z tym cyberbezpieczeństwo na poziomie gminnym staje się coraz ważniejszym elementem zadań administracji publicznej na Węgrzech.

7

Cybersecurity and public administration in the time of corona(virus) – in the light of the recent Hungarian challenges

51%

Hoffman I.

Cybersecurity and Law

|

2021

|

tom No. 1

145--158

EN

Today, the digital revolution has also caught up with the administration. The digitalisation of the (public) administration has strong links to the security issues. Digitalisation could be interpreted as one of the tools for the good governance and it has several challenges, as well. The public administrations, as well, the Hungarian administrative law has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The administrative procedural law has been influenced by the epidemic transformation. However, the rules on e-administration have not been reformed significantly (due to the digitalisation reforms of the last years), but several regulations and mainly the practice of the Hungarian administration has been transformed during the last two years. The pandemic situation had several challenges and opportunities, by which the traditional way of administration has been altered during these two years.

PL

Obecnie rewolucja cyfrowa ma miejsce także w dziedzinie administracji. Cyfryzacja administracji (publicznej) jest ściśle powiązana z kwestiami bezpieczeństwa. Digitalizacja może być postrzegana jako jedno z narzędzi do odpowiedniego zarządzania, z którym wiąże się także szereg wyzwań. Pandemia COVID-19 wywarła istotny wpływ na samorządy, w tym także węgierskie przepisy administracyjne. Zmiany związane z pandemią znalazły odzwierciedlenie w przepisach postępowania administracyjnego. Nie przeprowadzono jednak istotnych reform w zakresie przepisów dotyczących administracji elektronicznej (z uwagi na reformy w zakresie cyfryzacji na przestrzeni ostatnich lat). W ciągu ubiegłych dwóch lat miały natomiast miejsce zmiany w dziedzinie kilku regulacji, a przede wszystkim praktyk stosowanych w administracji węgierskiej. Pandemia przyniosła ze sobą szereg wyzwań i szans, które zmieniły tradycyjne oblicze administracji na przestrzeni tych dwóch lat.