Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Prywatne ubezpieczenia zdrowotne a problem pokusy nadużycia

100%

Laskowska I.

Problemy Zarządzania

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2015

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nr 2/2015 (53), t. 2

58-68

EN

In most European countries general health insurance systems are supplemented by voluntary health insurance purchased on a commercial basis. The expansion of the private health insurance market is potentially beneficial for the functioning of the health protection system and for the patients themselves. At the same time, however, particularly voluntary health insurance has certain weaknesses that may make it less effective than it could be. One of the major problems is moral hazard understood as a risk of excessive, unjustified use of medical services that bears serious economic consequences. The article focuses on moral hazard related to health insurance. In the first part of the article, the nature of the problem is discussed, as well as conclusions for European countries arising from the available studies. The second part provides insights into private health insurance in Poland.

PL

W większości krajów europejskich, poza systemem powszechnego ubezpieczenia zdrowotnego funkcjonują dobrowolne ubezpieczenia zdrowotne o charakterze komercyjnym. Z rozwojem rynku prywatnych ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych wiążą się potencjalne korzyści dla funkcjonowania zarówno systemu ochrony zdrowia, jak i samych pacjentów. Rynek ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych, szczególnie tych o charakterze dobrowolnym, nie jest jednak wolny od nieprawidłowości, ograniczających możliwości jego efektywnego funkcjonowania. Jeden z istotnych problemów stanowi pokusa nadużycia (moral hazard), pociągająca za sobą poważne skutki ekonomiczne. W artykule poruszono problematykę pokusy nadużycia wywołanej posiadaniem ubezpieczenia zdrowotnego. Pierwszą część poświęcono omówieniu istoty zjawiska oraz wnioskom wypływającym z badań dla krajów europejskich. Część druga dotyczy prywatnych ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych w Polsce.

2

Bezwarunkowy dochód podstawowy – refleksja prakseologiczna

100%

Machelski T.

Studia BAS

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2017

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nr 2(50)

93-106

EN

The paper looks at the concept of universal (unconditional) basic income. The poverty is one of those elements of social life that seems to be constant; various historical circumstances impacted its level, but it is hard to imagine a world without the poor. The evident shortcomings of current social services throughout the world led many academics to a favourable view of universal basic income system in which all citizens regularly receive a certain sum of money in addition to the income received from elsewhere. The author argues that since universal basic income is being considered as a replacement to the current means-tested welfare system the idea itself seems interesting.

3

Oportunizm podmiotów i instytucji jako stymulator ryzyka systemowego

100%

Szewc-Rogalska A.

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nr 1(22)

91-100

EN

This study aims to analyze the interrelation between the opportunism of entities and institutions and the systemic risk growth. The applied research method involves, inter alia, the investigation of the essence and types of opportunism, the analysis of the credit risk transfer, the identification of the moral hazard and systemic risk stimulators. Moreover, ways to reduce opportunism and its negative follow-ups have been presented. It has been indicated that the moral hazard applied by major financial institutions leads to a crisis of trust. It translates into the growth of a systemic risk. The quality of the institutional environment needs to be enhanced. The mechanisms and instruments that should enforce bearing the consequences of their actions and limit excessively-risky behaviours are recommended.

4

Metody badania asymetrii informacji w przedsiębiorstwie w zakresie alokacji kapitału

88%

Kubiak J.

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tom 247

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nr 4

45-67

EN

The authordiscussesand evaluatesmethods formeasuringthe level ofinformation asymmetry in enterprises depending on their ownership structure. Information asymmetryis asourceofprocesses such as adverseselectionandmoral hazard, the author says. An appropriate ownershipstructure in companiescanbe usedto reducethe negative effects of an information asymmetry. Thearticle examines ways of measuring information asymmetryinterms of the data needed for such measurements and therisk that a givenmeasure will be inaccurate. The author concludes that, in large-scaleresearch,direct measurements ofthe levelof information asymmetryareoftenimpossibleandthe results mustbeapproximated. When planningresearchit is necessary totake into account therange ofdataneededtousea specific measureand therisks related to the inaccuracy ofmeasurements, Kubiak says. When examining the relationship between information asymmetry and a company’s ownership structure, researchers should arrange enterprises according to the relativelevel ofinformation asymmetry, he adds. According tothe author, this can bedone by developing a compositemeasure of information asymmetryonthebasis of specificindicators usingthe linear ordering method. Such a procedureshouldreduce theriskof improperclassificationof companiesaccording to thelevel of information asymmetry, Kubiak says.

5

Hazard moralny a systemy motywacji w bankowości

88%

Masiukiewicz P.

Prakseologia

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2011

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nr 151

179-195

EN

For many years motivation systems for the top managers in a lot of countries haven’t rewarded reducing the risk at ﬁnancial institutions, but supported inclination to hazard enabling high dynamic of proﬁt and in consequence growth of share value. The main care of management was how to achieve the greatest value in the shortest time. Owners and supervisory boards underestimated risk of loss, bankruptcy risk and loss of capital. Applied motivation systems for the top management of banks during the last ﬁ nancial crisis subprime were unquestionable one of crisis acceleration cause. The paper presents some problems of managers moral hazard, inﬂ uence of motivation systems on the crisis eruption, case studies of the biggest executive compensations and possible solution in the future.

6

Narrow Banking – Banking System Without Private Issuance of Credit Money as a Solution for More Resistant Banks and More Stable Financial System / Usko Bankarstvo - Bankarski Sistem Bez Privatne Emisije Kreditnog Novca Kao Rešenje za Otpornije Banke i Stabilniji Finansijski Sistem

88%

Radojičić J. , Radovanović P.

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nr 3

376-397

EN

The global financial crisis has revived interest in the introduction of the “narrow banking”, which has become a topical issue in both political and academic circles. There are attitudes that banks have maximized yields by excessive credit expansion, while the losses associated with the excessive risks undertaken in pre-crisis period fell at the expense of taxpayers. Based on the idea that modern financial systems have structural problems whose solution requires fundamental reform, a new wave of regulatory proposals is launched for solving the problems. They are generally aimed to eliminate the banks’ ability to issue credit money that enjoys both implicit and explicit government guarantees. The concept of narrow banking, as one of the variants of full-reserve banking, provides ex-ante a level of bank deposits’ protection which is the same as the level of central bank’s money protection. Motives for the application of this concept are the following: to make banks more resistant to bank runs; to avoid creating a speculative “bubbles”; and to make the financial system more stable. The paper gives an overview of historical and new proposals of narrow banking. In addition, the concept of narrow banking is analyzed from the point of view of its basic characteristics and objectives, followed by a discussion on the problems and possible success of its implementation.

7

Modern Trends In GDP-Linked Securities Design

75%

Amalian A. W. , Amalyan N. D.

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nr 9

1-14

EN

Numerous research papers substantiate the idea that GDP-linked bonds could provide a potential means for indebted countries to avoid default (the cost of which to be measured by an endowment loss and temporary exclusion from capital markets) by linking current reduction of the total outstanding debt with liabilities to share future gains of growth of national economy. Actualization of this idea has already taken place in a dozen of countries. This article presents comparative analysis of background, terms and condition of the last three cases of GDP-indexed bonds emission – by Argentina, Greece and Ukraine. Commensuration of the share of haircut, threshold for payments and availability of the cap provides for detection of trends in the design of these debt instruments.

8

Globalny kryzys finansowy i gospodarczy jako wyzwanie dla polityki gospodarczej i teorii ekonomii

75%

Przybyciński T.

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tom 94: Polityka gospodarcza jako gra w wyzwania i odpowiedzi rozwojowe

41-73

PL

Wybuch globalnego kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego pod koniec pierwszej dekady XXI wieku był w dużej mierze rezultatem prowadzenia niewłaściwej polityki gospodarczej, zarówno w USA, jak i w UGiW. Miała ona autorski charakter i nie była oparta na dorobku myśli ekonomicznej. Próbując wyjaśnić przyczyny, przebieg i skutki globalnego kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego, należy wyjść poza ekonomię ortodoksyjną i uwzględnić dorobek ekonomii heterodoksyjnej.

EN

Harmful economic policy adopted in the United States of America and in the European Economic and Monetary Union caused the outbreak of the financial and economic crisis at the end of the first decade of the 21st century. This original policy had no real foundation in economic theory. In order to explain the reasons and to follow the course and consequences of the global financial and economic crisis, it is necessary to study not only orthodox economics, but also heterodox economics.

9

Conduct Capital Buffer jako narzędzie do promowania zachowań etycznych w sektorze bankowym

51%

Swaczyna-Pruchnik M.

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tom 161

29-62

PL

W ostatnich latach zachowania banków znacznie odbiegały od pożądanych standardów etycznych, o czym świadczy rosnąca skala kar finansowych nakładanych na instytucje finansowe. Według wiedzy autora brakuje obecnie w Polsce szczegółowych badań dotyczących etyki w bankowości, co uniemożliwia ocenę, na ile etyczne są instytucje kredytowe. W efekcie głównym miernikiem poziomu etyki w danej instytucji jest obecnie wysokość kar nakładanych przez organy administracyjne, UOKiK lub KNF. Jednocześnie wydaje się, że brakuje obecnie regulacji i rekomendacji odnoszących się kompleksowo do pojęcia conduct, za czym idzie brak kompetencji któregokolwiek organu do „wymuszenia” na instytucjach finansowych, by zachowywały się bar- dziej etycznie. W Wielkiej Brytanii od kilku lat prowadzone jest nowatorskie badanie poziomu przestrzegania norm etycznych w bankach. Aby mechanizm premiowania zachowań etycznych był skuteczny, musi motywować do działania przede wszystkim akcjonariuszy banku, a nie jego szeregowych pracowników. W niniejszym opracowaniu zaproponowano nowe rozwiązanie regulacyjne mające na celu nagradzanie etycznych zachowań banków. Polegałoby ono na okresowej ocenie, na podstawie badania ankietowego oraz jakościowego (będącego rozbudowaną wersją przytoczonego badania z Wielkiej Brytanii), jak bardzo etyczny w swoich działaniach biznesowych jest dany bank. Na podstawie wyniku takiego badania, KNF mógłby obniżyć lub podnieść miękki wymóg kapitałowy o jeden punkt procentowy.

EN

The issue of ethics in banks is quite complex. The behaviour of banks in recent years significantly deviated from the desired ethical standards. The scale of financial fees imposed on financial institutions is has also been growing. In Poland, the lack of research devoted to conduct makes the assessment of the level of compliance impossible, especially since it would be too superficial to link this assessment of individual banks solely to fines imposed by the PFSA. At the same time it seems that the current lack of conduct regulations sensu stricto do not have a sufficient (direct) impact on the real operations of banks, and the supervisors lack the competence to force financial institutions to behave more ethically. In the United Kingdom, for several years now, an innovative study has been conducted measuring the level of compliance with conduct in credit institutions. In order for the mechanism for awarding ethical behaviour to be effective, it must motivate the action of the bank’s shareholders rather than its employees. This paper proposes a new regulatory solution aimed at rewarding the ethical behaviour of banks. It would consist of a six-month assessment of the ethics of banks in Poland, conducted on the basis of a survey and a qualitative study (being an extended version of the cited study from the United Kingdom). Based on the results of such a study, the PFSA could reduce or increase the soft capital requirement by one percentage point.