Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Charakterystyka „miejskich artykułów wojskowych” na przykładzie Rigischer Artikelsbrieff z 1600 roku

100%

Łopatecki K.

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nr 2

5-38

EN

The article concerns the “municipal military articles” – regulations issued or accepted by the town council for military forces employed by the town. This type of standard act developed in the early modern period mainly in the Reich, the Swiss Confederacy in the Apennine Peninsula and in the Polish Rzeczpospolita. As far as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is concerned, we are familiar with military articles issued by the council of Gdańsk, Riga and Toruń. The regulations of Riga for the Landsknechte, unknown in historiography, were created at the end of 1600; the ceremony of their acceptance by a team of 800 people took place on 12 January 1601. The regulations were in force probably as long as Riga remained within the borders of the Polish Rzeczpospolita. The text of Artikelbrief coincides with German law. Probably the regulations followed the model of Prussian articles written by Albrecht Hohenzollern included in Kriegsordnung. The military articles of Riga helped to maintain a high level of military discipline during military campaigns in Livonia. When set behind the troops of the Polish Crown and Lithuania, the soldiers of Riga behaved relatively peacefully. The most spectacular crimes were harshly judged and sentences were executed, which at that time was quite rare. Special emphasis was given to the issue of military expeditions, which was an uncharacteristic solution when compared with other “municipal military articles”. Attention should be drawn to a regulation which prohibited undertaking attacks against allied armies, the equivalents of which were to be found in Lithuanian and Polish articles issued at that time (1601).

2

Military Law in the Republic of Poland

86%

KAMIŃSKI M. A.

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nr 2

28-34

EN

The article presents an analysis of military law in the legal system of the Republic of Poland. On the one hand, it is a very specialized area of law, and on the other, it is a very extensive field regulated in several hundred national legal acts of varying importance (universally and internally binding), as well as by international law. The author attempts to organize the subject matter of military law and to specify its elements divided into subject-specific blocks. At the same time, in order to ensure a better understanding of the nature of military law, the article discusses the role of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland in times of peace, crisis, and war.The author used critical analysis of literature on legal science and security sciences, and source materials: mainly acts of universally binding law (the Constitution, acts, and regulations), as well as acts of internally binding law (instructions, ordinances, resolutions, decisions, guidelines, and agreements of various state authorities).

3

Prawomocne skazanie żołnierza zawodowego a dostęp do informacji niejawnych w świetle wejścia w życie nowej ustawy o ochronie informacji niejawnych

72%

Stepnowska-Michaluk M.

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tom nr 2(83)

178-193

EN

The author of the article discusses some problems connected with applying regulations of a new law on 5 August 2011 on Confidential Information Protection in relation to the influence of legally valid professional soldier’s sentence on his/her access to confidential information. It is concluded that majority of vagueness or legal loopholes appearing in the old law exist in the new one.

4

Życie codzienne wojska Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów podczas kampanii moskiewskich w latach 1579 – 1582

44%

Małecki M.

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tom 18

179-205

EN

The article presents the daily life of soldiers during lasting three years war with the Grand Duchy of Moscow. For legal and military matters, during each war campaign, legal acts called military articles were issued. The main military command consisted of crown and Lithuanian hetmans. Each expedition was attended by a large number of army in the range of 40 – 50 thousands soldiers, and their combat value was at a satisfactory level. The morale of the army depended on many factors, among which we can mention: financial issues, weather, road quality, diseases or spiritual matters. High costs of the war resulted that in theneed to finance the expeditions, in addition to tax collection, funds from the loans were also needed. Mercenary soldiers were obtained mainly from German states and Hungary. Duringthe march, the army was divided into two groups in order to, among other things, reduce the problem of food. The main disadvantage of the route of the march was a thick forest, whichhas been deliberately planted on the orders of Ivan IV. Soldiers during all three campaigns were badly provisioned, which was particularly evident during the Pskov campaign.

PL

W artykule przedstawione zostało życie codzienne żołnierzy podczas toczącej się przez trzy lata wojny z Wielkim Księstwem Moskiewskim. Dla uregulowania spraw karnych i wojskowych podczas każdej kampanii wojennej wydawano akty prawne nazywane artykułami wojskowymi. Główne dowództwo wojskowe składało się z hetmanów koronnych i litewskich. W każdej wyprawie brała udział duża ilość wojska mieszcząca się w granicach 40–50 tysięcy żołnierzy, a ich wartość bojowa znajdowała się na zadowalającym poziomie. Morale armii zależały od wielu czynników, wśród których możemy wymienić: kwestie finansowe, stan pogody, jakość dróg, choroby czy też sprawy duchowe. Duże koszty wojenne powodowały, że dla sfinansowania wypraw oprócz poboru podatku potrzebne były również środki pochodzące z pożyczek. Żołnierzy zaciężnych pozyskiwano głównie z krajów niemieckich oraz Węgier. Wojsko podczas przemarszu dzielono na dwie grupy, starano się przez to zmniejszyć między innymi problem wyżywienia. Główną niedogodnością na trasie przemarszu był gęsty las, który został celowo zasadzony na rozkaz Iwana IV. Żołnierze podczas wszystkich trzech kampanii byli źle zaprowiantowani co szczególnie uwidoczniło się podczas kampanii Pskowskiej.