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Content available remote Military forces and police in dysfunctional states of Sub-Saharan Africa
EN
Armed forces and police in dysfunctional states of Sub-Saharan Africa are usually weak, both in terms of training, discipline, equipment and morale. The army is frequently dragged into political conflicts, especially as there is a rule that who controls armed forces has power, and the loss of
control of the army is tantamount to the loss of power. A similar problem concerns the police, which is even more corrupt and dependent on political influence. The police is often more preoccupied with supporting the ruling party than with protection of the public order, and citizens associate it with forcing various types of bribes. The analysis of the relation between the weak statehood challenges and the condition of the armed forces and police presented in the article is a result of the author’s long-term research on dysfunctional states in Sub-Saharan Africa, based, inter alia, on the fieldwork conducted in more than twenty African states.
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Current developments in the area of neuroenhancement pose multiple ethical and societal questions. Improvements in general cognitive capacities can have important positive effects. With the use of several interventions, ranging from pharmaceutics through microsurgery to non-invasive and
invasive methods, new possibilities of enhancing human abilities can be achieved. Yet, they have to be critically evaluated from the point of view of both individual and societal consequences that are involved. The aim of this paper is to address societal benefits and challenges that are related to these interventions. These new developments, especially in the specific area of their military application, pose important questions with regard to safety of their use, long-term results, coercion to use them, and issues of inequality. Often, these consequences are unforeseeable at the present moment and can greatly interfere with development of both individuals and societies. Therefore, as in both areas – civilian and military – the long-term consequences are still difficult to predict, prudency is prescribed. Consequently, any use of the methods of enhancement should be under exceptional scrutiny from the ethical as well as legal and social point of view.
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In view of today's physical threats, Poland has adopted a new security doctrine. This publication in its assumption intends to outline the thesis on the centralized management and command of the unified military structure, in the context of the systemic approach to our country defense
strategy. The study contemplates the Russia's policy, aimed at strengthening its position of a global great power in terms of weakening ties within North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with a particular focus on the regional interests of each of its members. The presented concept of the contemporary army based on joint task forces, characterized by close co-operation of various types of forces and efficient logistics, managed by the modern chain of command, is the major development direction in the field of defense. It is of crucial importance to reorganize our military forces in correlation to the hybrid dimension of contemporary war conflicts.
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Numerous representatives of theories of international relations, security theories or alliance theories have examined the new role of the North Atlantic Alliance or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the post-bipolar world. Parallel with the theoretical examination of goals and
tasks, NATO has transformed itself in practice, following the realities of the contemporary global era. In trying to achieve and keep the primacy of the strongest military- political organization, the Alliance has - especially in the Strategic Concept adopted in Lisbon in 2010-set the normative and institutional foundations of its global engagement, fulfilling the military (hard) and a wide array of non-military (soft) security challenges. This strategy has given rise to "Euro-Atlanticism", as a subsystem of international relations based on strong American-European relations, to fit with the process of regionalization of global politics. However, the 2013-2014 crisis in Ukraine has turned the focus of interest and activities of NATO once again primarily to Europe and it has stressed the importance and necessity of strengthening Euro-Atlantic security and defence ties. The most powerful member of the Alliance, the United States, is again strongly engaged in Europe and Russia, as a kind of successor to the Soviet Union, is once more detected as a major threat to European security. There have been many aspects of theories of international relations that have tried to explain the dynamic of the post-Cold War international community. However, the approach based on neo-realistic assumptions of the role of a security community, collective defence and the use of military force has proved to be dominant. NATO will continue to work on its political dimension as an alliance of the democratic world and the September 2014 Wales Summit will certainly mark the return of NATO to its roots, strengthening its security and military dimensions in the collective defence of Europe from Russia.
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The new organisational structure enabling the co-operation with NATO commands is the effect of the Armed Forces restructuring, caused by the necessity to adapt to the Alliance actions. Also the procedures of land forces command, now being implementated, agree with procedures accepted by NATO
[ATP-35(B)]. Computer tools that facilitated the work of staffs in the area of operation planning have become invalid due to the change of operation equipment, structures and procedures. A gap to support the process of command (planning in particular) is its consequence. In the time of universal computer use and actually the lack or technical limitations there is a great need for computer support in many processes - particularly in land forces, poorly equipped in automated command systems in comparison to the air force or the navy. Computers in a work place have become so common that not using them in planning which is an important stage of command process is a severe difficulty. They will be used, however, after developing the operation algorithms of selected applications.
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The NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) was established in 1969 in order to give the Alliance a new 'social dimension'. Article 2 of the treaty provides that member countries will contribute towards the further development of peaceful and friendly international relations
by promoting conditions of stability and well-being. The aim of this new Committee was to address practical problems already under study at the national level and, by combining the expertise and technology available in member countries, arrive fairly rapidly at valid conclusions and to make recommendations for action to benefit all. In creating the CCMS, the North Atlantic Council decided that the Committee would not itself engage in any research activities. Its work is therefore carried out on a decentralised basis, through its pilot studies, which are founded by nations. Subjects for pilot studies, which are proposed by NATO or EAPC member countries, cover a large spectrum dealing with environmental problems. The decision to officially launch a pilot study is taken by the CCMS plenary. Since the start of CCMS' activity, 60 pilot studies and 2 short term adhoc project have been completed. 16 pilot studies and 2 short term adhoc project are presently underway. The ongoing studies deal with the following topics: 1. Defence-related issues, 2. Pollution control, 3. Health and Technological Risk, 4. Quality of Life & Planning. The opinion that investment in environmental education are the most cost-efficient form of environmental protection is gaining growing acceptance in the majority of NATO countries. However, knowledge of the scale and possibilities as well as forms of environmental education to be applied for various social groups is still insufficient. In November 2002, CCMS accepted the new pilot study on Forms of environmental education in the armed forces and their impact on creation of pro-environmental attitudes. It's the first pilot study proposed by Poland. Dr A. Kalinowska was nominated as pilot study director and University Centre for Environmental Studies was nominated its leading institution. Purpose, objectives and goals of this pilot study are as follows: a. Identification and inventory of various forms of educational activity aimed at raising environmental knowledge and awareness in the countries participating in the study. b. Analysis of educational materials and didactic aids prepared for various groups within the armed forces. c. Evaluation of expenditure and ways of financing various forms of environmental education.
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